Missing git support, install posh-git with 'Install-Module posh-git' and restart cmder

This answer is for when posh-git is not wanted. posh-git can introduce significant delays to the prompt's display.

In the cmder profile (\vendor\profile.ps1) file, comment out the following lines in the function "checkGit".

function checkGit($Path) {
    #if (Test-Path -Path (Join-Path $Path '.git')) {
    #    $gitLoaded = Import-Git $gitLoaded
    #    Write-VcsStatus
    #    return
    #}

Note: Sorry, this answer doesn't answer the original request to see the current branch. I think that this solution may be a better fit for some people.

Update:

Here's a better solution that won't need to be reapplied every time that cmder is updated:

Add the following function to \config\user_profile.ps1 (the full path for my chocolatey installation file is c:\tools\cmdermini\config\user_profile.ps1):

function checkGit() {}

Your CommandNotFoundException is because Install-Module requires Powershell 3.0, or PSGet to be installed. However, the manual install should work.

Verify that the file posh-git.psm1 is located somewhere in $env:PSModulePath. Then restart PowerShell and run Import-Module posh-git. This should force it to find the module.