"No outputs have backlight property" but xorg.conf is configured and xbacklight is installed

There can be numerous reason why this doesn't work, and they are all to complicated to ask in a comment to the question, so I'll leave this as a resource here - and if none of these work feel free to comment rather than down-voting and I'll remove it (or leave for others who end up here with the same problem but different causes).

The first thing you can try is adding one of these kernel parameters:

acpi_osi=Linux
acpi_osi="!Windows 2012"
acpi_osi=

This is a pretty common issue where the backlight stops working after a suspend (I know this isn't directly related, but might be worth mentioning).

Another issue might be that you're lacking sufficient permission to actually modify the brightness (again, probably not related to OP since the error message is usually different and OP has already tried it). If that's the case, modify the udev-rules by changing/adding this to /etc/udev/rules.d/backlight.rules:

ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="backlight", KERNEL=="intel_backlight", RUN+="/bin/chgrp video /sys/class/backlight/%k/brightness"
ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="backlight", KERNEL=="intel_backlight", RUN+="/bin/chmod g+w /sys/class/backlight/%k/brightness"

Another, also common issue, is when used in conjunction with multiple graphic cards or hybrid graphics (like the Optimus project).

If so, you can try to add one of the following kernel parameters:

acpi_backlight=video
acpi_backlight=vendor
acpi_backlight=native
acpi_backlight=none    # <-- Mainly for AMD/ATI drivers

---

Finally, what OP might be here for:

Change /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/20-intel.conf to reflect:

Section "Device"
    Identifier  "Intel Graphics" 
    Driver      "intel"
    Option      "Backlight"  "intel_backlight"
EndSection

Odds are xrandr or xbacklight have just got a faulty mapping against /sys/class/backlight/<path>. Thus, manually setting it to intel_backlight might solve your issue. All that might be wrong is the Identifier, judging by the question. If it still doesn't work, verify and make sure that the Device-config is actually the one in use, because it really sounds like a mapping issue between xrandr/xbacklight and the path where it thinks it'll find the backlight-directory.

Any of these might give you a clue or hint as to which driver and config is being used:

lspci | grep VGA
lsmod | grep "kms\|drm"
find /dev -group video
cat /proc/cmdline
find /etc/modprobe.d/
cat /etc/modprobe.d/*kms*
glxinfo | grep -i "vendor\|rendering"
grep LoadModule /var/log/Xorg.0.log
egrep -i " connected|card detect|primary dev|Setting driver" /var/log/Xorg.0.log
udevadm info -a -p /sys/class/backlight/intel_backlight/

I hope it's as simple as this; if it's not, again, I'd be happy to change my answer or delete it all together. Just sharing some knowledge gathered while struggling with the same thing. bugs.debian.org issue

Oh, and the kernel parameter nomodeset tends to interfere with backlight settings. I don't know why. But if whoever ends up here uses it, try to remove that and see if at least the backlight kicks in again.

If anyone finds this using Arch Linux, I simply replaced xorg-backlight with acpilight, and then sudo backlight -set 10 works fine.