Object properties dynamic delete

This is the bare minimum required:

function deleteFromObject(keyPart, obj){
    for (var k in obj){          // Loop through the object
        if(~k.indexOf(keyPart)){ // If the current key contains the string we're looking for
            delete obj[k];       // Delete obj[key];
        }
    }
}

var myObject = {
    checkbox_description_1 : 'Chatoyant',
    checkbox_description_2 : 'Desultory',
    random_property : 'Firefly is a great program',
    checkbox_mood_1 : 'Efflorescent',
    checkbox_description_3 : 'Ephemeral'
};
deleteFromObject('checkbox_description', myObject);
console.log(myObject);
// myObject is now: {random_property: "Firefly is a great program", checkbox_mood_1: "Efflorescent"};

So that's pretty close to the jQuery function you have.
(Though a little faster, considering it doesn't use jQuery, and indexOf instead of match)

So, what's with the ~ before indexOf?

indexOf returns a integer value: -1 if the string is not found, and a index, starting from 0, if it is found. (So always a positive integer if found)
~ is a bitwise NOT, that inverts this output. As it happens to be, the inverted output of indexOf is just what we need to indicate "found" or "not found".

~-1 becomes 0, a false-ish value.
~x, where x is 0 or postitive, becomes -(x+1), a true-ish value.

This way, ~string.indexOf('needle') acts like string.contains('needle'), a function that we don't have in JavaScript.

Additionally, you could add a double boolean not (!!) in front of the ~, to convert the true-ish or false-ish output to a real true / false, but that's not necessary in JavaScript.
Functionally, ~string.indexOf('needle') and !!~string.indexOf('needle') are equal.

---

In case you specifically need the key to begin with the needle, replace the:

~k.indexOf(keyPart)

With:

k.indexOf(keyPart) === 0

You can use How to check if a string "StartsWith" another string?:

function deleteFromObject(keyToDelete, obj) {
    var l = keyToDelete.length;
    for (var key in obj)
        if (key.substr(0, l) == keyToDelete) // key begins with the keyToDelete
            delete obj[key];
}

    var myObject = {
        checkbox_description_1 : 'Chatoyant',
        checkbox_description_2 : 'Desultory',
        random_property : 'Firefly is a great program',
        checkbox_mood_1 : 'Efflorescent',
        checkbox_description_3 : 'Ephemeral'
   };

const removeProperty = dyProps => ({ [dyProps]: _, ...rest }) => rest;

const remove_random_property = removeProperty('random_property');
console.log(remove_random_property(myObject));