Object synchronization method was called from an unsynchronized block of code. Exception on Mutex.Release()

Keeping a bool around that indicates that the mutex is owned is a grave mistake. You are not making the bool thread-safe. You got into this pickle because you are using the wrong synchronization object. A mutex has thread-affinity, the owner of a mutex is a thread. The thread that acquired it must also be the one that calls ReleaseMutex(). Which is why your code bombs.

You in all likelihood need an event here, use AutoResetEvent. Create it in the main thread, call Set() in the worker, WaitOne() in the main thread to wait for the worker to complete its job. And dispose it afterwards. Also note that using a thread to perform a job and having your main thread wait for its completion is not productive. You might as well have the main thread do the job.

If you are actually doing this to protect access to an object that's not thread-safe (it isn't clear) then use the lock statement.

Another reason why this exception may occur:

if (Monitor.TryEnter(_lock))
{
    try
    {
        ... await MyMethodAsync(); ...
    }
    finally
    {
        Monitor.Exit(_lock);
    }
}

I get this exception on Monitor.Exit when after 'await' another thread continues execution.

Edit: Use SemaphoreSlim, because it doesn't require releasing thread to be the same.

I have found the problem. First several things about the filterCtiCallLog class. I have designed it so to work both asynchronous and synchronous. For first I have written code for asynchronous execution. I needed a way to trigger events from child worker thread to parent, to report the working state. For this I have used AsyncOperation class and it's post method. Here is the code part for triggering CtiCallsRetrieved event.

public class FilterCtiCallLog
{
    private int RequestCount = 0;
    private AsyncOperation createCallsAsync = null;
    private SendOrPostCallback ctiCallsRetrievedPost;
    public void CreateFilteredCtiCallLogSync()
    {
        createCallsAsync = AsyncOperationManager.CreateOperation(null);
        ctiCallsRetrievedPost = new SendOrPostCallback(CtiCallsRetrievedPost);
        CreateFilteredCtiCallLog();
    }

    private void CreateFilteredCtiCallLog()
    {
        int count=0;
        //do the job
        //............
        //...........
        //Raise the event
        createCallsAsync.Post(CtiCallsRetrievedPost, new CtiCallsRetrievedEventArgs(count));
        //...........
        //...........
    }

    public event EventHandler<CtiCallsRetrievedEventArgs> CtiCallsRetrieved;

    private void CtiCallsRetrievedPost(object state)
    {
        CtiCallsRetrievedEventArgs args = state as CtiCallsRetrievedEventArgs;
        if (CtiCallsRetrieved != null)
            CtiCallsRetrieved(this, args);
    }
}

As you can see the code is executing synchronously. The problem here is in AsyncOperation.Post() method. I presumed that if it is called in the main thread it will act as simply triggering the event, not posting it to parent thread. However it wasn't the case. I don't know how it is working, but I have changed the code, to check if the CreateFilteredCtiCallLog is called sync or async. And if it is async call I used AsyncOperation.Post method, if not, I have simply triggered the EventHandler if it is not null. Here is the corrected code

public class FilterCtiCallLog
{
    private int RequestCount = 0;
    private AsyncOperation createCallsAsync = null;
    private SendOrPostCallback ctiCallsRetrievedPost;
    public void CreateFilteredCtiCallLogSync()
    {
        createCallsAsync = AsyncOperationManager.CreateOperation(null);
        ctiCallsRetrievedPost = new SendOrPostCallback(CtiCallsRetrievedPost);
        CreateFilteredCtiCallLog(false);
    }

    private void CreateFilteredCtiCallLog(bool isAsync)
    {
        int count=0;
        //do the job
        //............
        //...........
        //Raise the event
        RaiseEvent(CtiCallsRetrievedPost, new CtiCallsRetrievedEventArgs(count),isAsync);
        //...........
        //...........
    }

    public event EventHandler<CtiCallsRetrievedEventArgs> CtiCallsRetrieved;

    private void RaiseEvent(SendOrPostCallback callback, object state, bool isAsync)
    {
        if (isAsync)
            createCallsAsync.Post(callback, state);
        else
            callback(state);
    }

    private void CtiCallsRetrievedPost(object state)
    {
        CtiCallsRetrievedEventArgs args = state as CtiCallsRetrievedEventArgs;
        if (CtiCallsRetrieved != null)
            CtiCallsRetrieved(this, args);
    }
}

Thanks everybody for the answers!