pandas add column to groupby dataframe

Use transform to add a column back to the orig df from a groupby aggregation, transform returns a Series with its index aligned to the orig df:

In [123]:
g = df.groupby('c')['type'].value_counts().reset_index(name='t')
g['size'] = df.groupby('c')['type'].transform('size')
g

Out[123]:
   c type  t  size
0  1    m  1     3
1  1    n  1     3
2  1    o  1     3
3  2    m  2     4
4  2    n  2     4

Another solution with transform len:

df['size'] = df.groupby('c')['type'].transform(len)
print df
   c type size
0  1    m    3
1  1    n    3
2  1    o    3
3  2    m    4
4  2    m    4
5  2    n    4
6  2    n    4

Another solution with Series.map and Series.value_counts:

df['size'] = df['c'].map(df['c'].value_counts())
print (df)
   c type  size
0  1    m     3
1  1    n     3
2  1    o     3
3  2    m     4
4  2    m     4
5  2    n     4
6  2    n     4