PHP session_start()

The PHP session system lets you store securely data in the $_SESSION global array. A typical example is to store the user's identifier in the session when they type in their password:

if ($user = try_login($login, $password)) 
  $_SESSION['user'] = $user;

Then, you can access that information on all other pages:

if (isset($_SESSION['user']))
  // logged in !
  echo user_name($_SESSION['user']);

The data is stored on the server, so there is no risk of tampering (on the other hand, mind your disk usage).

Starting the session lets the current request use $_SESSION. If this is the user's first visit, the array will be empty and a new session cookie will be sent for you.

Closing the session merely prevents the current request from using $_SESSION, but the data stays around for the next requests.

Destroying the session throws away all the data, forever. The sessions are destroyed a certain duration after the last visit (usually around 30 minutes).

I assume you want to know what a PHP session means for you, the programmer.

When you do session_start() you are telling PHP that you want to use the session. This is made available to you as an array called $_SESSION. You can use that like any other array with the difference that the stuff you put in there stays there from one page to another (provided you use session_start() at the beginning of each page).

The actual mechanism may vary depending on configuration (php.ini), but a typical installation can use cookies for the session. Let's assume that your webserver is on linux and you're using cookies. You do the following

session_start();
$_SESSION['name']='Bob';

When PHP sees this it creates a text file with a semi-random name (for example sess_a3tfkd5558kf5rlm44i538fj07), sticks the $_SESSION contents in there as plain text and then sends a cookie to the user with the session id, which can be used to find the session file (for example a3tfkd5558kf5rlm44i538fj07).

The next time the user comes back he hands in the session id in his cookie, PHP goes to the relevant file and loads its contents in $_SESSION.

You'll note that the actual information is kept on the server while the user is only given an id. Kinda like handing in your coat in a club and getting a ticket with a number on it.

PHP's session_start starts OR resumes an HTTP session, which is explained fairly well in this article:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_(computer_science)

The concept of an HTTP "session" isn't specific to PHP, it's used in many (all?) server side HTTP frameworks as one way to allow for some state to be stored/associated across different request/responses (since HTTP is stateless). A unique token (which is often, but not always, stored in a cookie) identifies a particular client, and the server can associate the "session."

Here's some more info about sessions and PHP in particular that may help: http://www.php.net/manual/en/book.session.php