Primes dividing the values of integer polynomials

The only way that this situation could possibly arise is if the splitting field of $f(x)=5(x^2-x+3/2)^2-1/4$ is the cyclotomic field generated by the fifth roots of unity. To show this, it helps to get your hands dirty and actually solve the equation $f(x)=0$.

In general, number fields are determined up to isomorphism by their splitting laws. The splitting law will be determined by a congruence condition iff the extension is an Abelian extension of $\mathbb{Q}$ (by class field theory).

HINT Your polynomial $p(n)$ splits over ${\mathbb Q}(w), w = \zeta_5$, namely

$ 125 \; p(x) = 125 \; (5 x^4-10 x^3+20 x^2-15 x+11) $

$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\; = \;\; (5 x+3 w^3-4 w^2-w-3) (5 x+4 w^3+3 w^2+7 w+1)$

$\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\; * \; (5 x-3 w^3+4 w^2+w-2) (5 x-4 w^3-3 w^2-7 w-6) $

Regarding the other questions in the query and the comments: there has been much research on various ways of characterizing number fields by splitting behavior, norm sets, etc - going all the way back to Kronecker. Searching on the terms "Kronecker equivalent" or "arithmetically equivalent" will find pertinent literature. E.g. below is one enlightening review

MR0485790 (58 #5595) 12A65 (12A75)
Gauthier, François
Ensembles de Kronecker et représentation des nombres premiers par une forme quadratique binaire.
Bull. Sci. Math. (2) 102 (1978), no. 2, 129--143.

L. Kronecker [Berlin Monatsber. 1880, 155--162; Jbuch 12, 65] first tried to characterize algebraic number fields by the decomposition behavior of primes. Recently, the Kronecker classes of algebraic number fields have been studied by W. Jehne [J. Number Theory 9 (1977), no. 2, 279--320; MR0447184 (56 #5499)] and others.

This article deals with the following types of questions:
(a) When does the set of primes having a given splitting type in an algebraic number field contain (up to a finite set) an arithmetic progression?
(b) When is this set a union of arithmetic progressions?

If $K$ is an algebraic number field, let $\text{spl}(K)$ denote the set of rational primes which split completely in $K$ and let $\text{spl}^1(K)$ denote the set of rational primes which have at least one linear factor in $K$. Moreover, if $K/Q$ is a Galois extension with Galois group $G$, let ${\text Art}\_{K/Q}$ denote the Artin map which assigns a conjugacy class of $G$ to almost all rational primes $p$. If $C$ is a conjugacy class of $G$ then $\text\{Art\}_{K/Q}^{-1}(C)$ is the set of primes having Artin symbol $C$. Finally a set $S$ of rational primes is said to contain an arithmetic progression or to be the union of arithmetic progressions if the set of primes in the arithmetic progression(s) differs from $S$ by at most a finite set.

Let $G'$ denote the commutator subgroup of the Galois group $G$. Two results proved in the article are:

Theorem A. The following statements are equivalent:
(a) $|C|=|G'|$;
(b) $\text{Art}\_{K/Q}^{-1}(C)$ is the union of arithmetic progressions;
(c) $\text{Art}\_{K/Q}^{-1}(C)$ contains an arithmetic progression.

Theorem B. The following statements are equivalent:
(a) $K/Q$ is abelian;
(b) $\text{spl}(K)$ contains an arithmetic progression;
(c) $\text{spl}(K)$ is the union of arithmetic progressions;
(d) there exist a modulus $m$ and a subgroup $\{r_1,\cdots,r_t\}$ of the multiplicative group modulo $m$ such that $\text{spl}(K)$ is the union of the arithmetic progressions $mx+r_i\ (i=1,\cdots,t)$.

When $K/Q$ is a non-Galois extension it is well known that $\text{spl}(K)=\text{spl}(\overline K)$ where $\overline K$ denotes the normal closure of $K$. It follows from Theorem B that $\text{spl}(K)$ cannot contain an arithmetic progression. However, the author gives two conditions, one necessary and the other sufficient, for $\text{spl}^1(K)$ to be the union of arithmetic progressions when $K/Q$ is non-Galois. As a final application of his result the author gives a necessary and sufficient condition for the set of primes represented by a quadratic form to be the union of arithmetic progressions.

The proofs use class field theory, properties of the Artin map and the Čebotarev density theorem.

Reviewed by Charles J. Parry