Psycopg2 Insert Into Table with Placeholders

To expand on @Matt's answer, placeholders do not work for identifiers like table names because the name will be quoted as a string value and result in invalid syntax.

If you want to generate such a query dynamically, you can use the referred to pyscopg2.sql module:

from psycopg2.sql import Identifier, SQL

cur.execute(SQL("INSERT INTO {} VALUES (%s)").format(Identifier('my_table')), (10,))

You are using Python string formatting and this is a Very Bad Idea (TM). Think SQL-injection. The right way to do it is to use bound variables:

cur.execute('INSERT INTO %s (day, elapsed_time, net_time, length, average_speed, geometry) VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s)', (escaped_name, day, time_length, time_length_net, length_km, avg_speed, myLine_ppy))

where the tuple of parameters is given as second argument to execute(). Also you don't need to escape any value, psycopg2 will do the escaping for you. In this particular case is also suggested to not pass the table name in a variable (escaped_name) but to embed it in the query string: psycopg2 doesn't know how to quote table and column names, only values.

See psycopg2 documentation:

https://www.psycopg.org/docs/usage.html#passing-parameters-to-sql-queries

If you want to programmatically generate the SQL statement, the customary way is to use Python formatting for the statement and variable binding for the arguments. For example, if you have the table name in escaped_name you can do:

query = "INSERT INTO %s (col1, ...) VALUES (%%s, ...)" % escaped_name
curs.execute(query, args_tuple)

Obviously, to use placeholders in your query you need to quote any % that introduce a bound argument in the first format.

Note that this is safe if and only if escaped_name is generated by your code ignoring any external input (for example a table base name and a counter) but it is at risk of SQL injection if you use data provided by the user.