python bytes() code example

Example 1: Python bytes

>>> (1024).to_bytes(2, byteorder='big')
b'\x04\x00'
>>> (1024).to_bytes(10, byteorder='big')
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00'
>>> (-1024).to_bytes(10, byteorder='big', signed=True)
b'\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfc\x00'
>>> x = 1000
>>> x.to_bytes((x.bit_length() + 7) // 8, byteorder='little')
b'\xe8\x03'

Example 2: Python bytes

def bit_length(self):
    s = bin(self)       # binary representation:  bin(-37) --> '-0b100101'
    s = s.lstrip('-0b') # remove leading zeros and minus sign
    return len(s)       # len('100101') --> 6

Example 3: join python documentation

>>> ''.join(['A', 'B', 'C'])
'ABC'
>>> ''.join({'A': 0, 'B': 0, 'C': 0}) # note that dicts are unordered
'ACB'
>>> '-'.join(['A', 'B', 'C'])  # '-' string is the seprator
'A-B-C'