Python Get Screen Pixel Value in OS X
A small improvement, but using the TIFF compression option for screencapture
is a bit quicker:
$ time screencapture -t png /tmp/test.png
real 0m0.235s
user 0m0.191s
sys 0m0.016s
$ time screencapture -t tiff /tmp/test.tiff
real 0m0.079s
user 0m0.028s
sys 0m0.026s
This does have a lot of overhead, as you say (the subprocess creation, writing/reading from disc, compressing/decompressing).
Instead, you could use PyObjC to capture the screen using CGWindowListCreateImage
. I found it took about 70ms (~14fps) to capture a 1680x1050 pixel screen, and have the values accessible in memory
A few random notes:
- Importing the
Quartz.CoreGraphics
module is the slowest part, about 1 second. Same is true for importing most of the PyObjC modules. Unlikely to matter in this case, but for short-lived processes you might be better writing the tool in ObjC - Specifying a smaller region is a bit quicker, but not hugely (~40ms for a 100x100px block, ~70ms for 1680x1050). Most of the time seems to be spent in just the
CGDataProviderCopyData
call - I wonder if there's a way to access the data directly, since we dont need to modify it? - The
ScreenPixel.pixel
function is pretty quick, but accessing large numbers of pixels is still slow (since0.01ms * 1650*1050
is about 17 seconds) - if you need to access lots of pixels, probably quicker tostruct.unpack_from
them all in one go.
Here's the code:
import time
import struct
import Quartz.CoreGraphics as CG
class ScreenPixel(object):
"""Captures the screen using CoreGraphics, and provides access to
the pixel values.
"""
def capture(self, region = None):
"""region should be a CGRect, something like:
>>> import Quartz.CoreGraphics as CG
>>> region = CG.CGRectMake(0, 0, 100, 100)
>>> sp = ScreenPixel()
>>> sp.capture(region=region)
The default region is CG.CGRectInfinite (captures the full screen)
"""
if region is None:
region = CG.CGRectInfinite
else:
# TODO: Odd widths cause the image to warp. This is likely
# caused by offset calculation in ScreenPixel.pixel, and
# could could modified to allow odd-widths
if region.size.width % 2 > 0:
emsg = "Capture region width should be even (was %s)" % (
region.size.width)
raise ValueError(emsg)
# Create screenshot as CGImage
image = CG.CGWindowListCreateImage(
region,
CG.kCGWindowListOptionOnScreenOnly,
CG.kCGNullWindowID,
CG.kCGWindowImageDefault)
# Intermediate step, get pixel data as CGDataProvider
prov = CG.CGImageGetDataProvider(image)
# Copy data out of CGDataProvider, becomes string of bytes
self._data = CG.CGDataProviderCopyData(prov)
# Get width/height of image
self.width = CG.CGImageGetWidth(image)
self.height = CG.CGImageGetHeight(image)
def pixel(self, x, y):
"""Get pixel value at given (x,y) screen coordinates
Must call capture first.
"""
# Pixel data is unsigned char (8bit unsigned integer),
# and there are for (blue,green,red,alpha)
data_format = "BBBB"
# Calculate offset, based on
# http://www.markj.net/iphone-uiimage-pixel-color/
offset = 4 * ((self.width*int(round(y))) + int(round(x)))
# Unpack data from string into Python'y integers
b, g, r, a = struct.unpack_from(data_format, self._data, offset=offset)
# Return BGRA as RGBA
return (r, g, b, a)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# Timer helper-function
import contextlib
@contextlib.contextmanager
def timer(msg):
start = time.time()
yield
end = time.time()
print "%s: %.02fms" % (msg, (end-start)*1000)
# Example usage
sp = ScreenPixel()
with timer("Capture"):
# Take screenshot (takes about 70ms for me)
sp.capture()
with timer("Query"):
# Get pixel value (takes about 0.01ms)
print sp.width, sp.height
print sp.pixel(0, 0)
# To verify screen-cap code is correct, save all pixels to PNG,
# using http://the.taoofmac.com/space/projects/PNGCanvas
from pngcanvas import PNGCanvas
c = PNGCanvas(sp.width, sp.height)
for x in range(sp.width):
for y in range(sp.height):
c.point(x, y, color = sp.pixel(x, y))
with open("test.png", "wb") as f:
f.write(c.dump())
I came across this post while searching for a solution to get screenshot in Mac OS X used for real-time processing. I have tried using ImageGrab from PIL as suggested in some other posts but couldn't get the data fast enough (with only about 0.5 fps).
The answer https://stackoverflow.com/a/13024603/3322123 in this post to use PyObjC saved my day! Thanks @dbr!
However, my task requires to get all pixel values rather than just a single pixel, and also to comment on the third note by @dbr, I added a new method in this class to get a full image, in case anyone else might need it.
The image data are returned as a numpy array with dimension of (height, width, 3), which can be directly used for post-processing in numpy or opencv etc… getting individual pixel values from it also becomes pretty trivial using numpy indexing.
I tested the code with a 1600 x 1000 screenshot - getting the data using capture() took ~30 ms and converting it to a np array getimage() takes only ~50 ms on my Macbook. So now I have >10 fps and even faster for smaller regions.
import numpy as np
def getimage(self):
imgdata=np.fromstring(self._data,dtype=np.uint8).reshape(len(self._data)/4,4)
return imgdata[:self.width*self.height,:-1].reshape(self.height,self.width,3)
note I throw away the “alpha” channel from the BGRA 4 channel.