Python-like loop enumeration in C++

As @Kos says, this is such a simple thing that I don't really see the need to simplify it further and would personally just stick to the traditional for loop with indices, except that I'd ditch std::vector<T>::size_type and simply use std::size_t:

for(std::size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i)
    foo(v[i], i);

I'm not too keen on solution 2. It requires (kinda hidden) random access iterators which wouldn't allow you to easily swap the container, which is one of the strong points of iterators. If you want to use iterators and make it generic (and possibly incur a performance hit when the iterators are not random access), I'd recommend using std::distance:

for(auto it(v.begin()); it != v.end(); ++it)
    foo(*it, std::distance(it, v.begin());

One way is to wrap the loop in a function of your own.

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>

template<typename T, typename F>
void mapWithIndex(std::vector<T> vec, F fun) {
   for(int i = 0; i < vec.size(); i++) 
       fun(vec[i], i); 
}

int main() {
   std::vector<std::string> vec = {"hello", "cup", "of", "tea"};
   mapWithIndex(vec, [](std::string s, int i){
      std::cout << i << " " << s << '\n';
   } );
}

Here is some kind of funny solution using lazy evaluation. First, construct the generator object enumerate_object:

template<typename Iterable>
class enumerate_object
{
    private:
        Iterable _iter;
        std::size_t _size;
        decltype(std::begin(_iter)) _begin;
        const decltype(std::end(_iter)) _end;

    public:
        enumerate_object(Iterable iter):
            _iter(iter),
            _size(0),
            _begin(std::begin(iter)),
            _end(std::end(iter))
        {}

        const enumerate_object& begin() const { return *this; }
        const enumerate_object& end()   const { return *this; }

        bool operator!=(const enumerate_object&) const
        {
            return _begin != _end;
        }

        void operator++()
        {
            ++_begin;
            ++_size;
        }

        auto operator*() const
            -> std::pair<std::size_t, decltype(*_begin)>
        {
            return { _size, *_begin };
        }
};

Then, create a wrapper function enumerate that will deduce the template arguments and return the generator:

template<typename Iterable>
auto enumerate(Iterable&& iter)
    -> enumerate_object<Iterable>
{
    return { std::forward<Iterable>(iter) };
}

You can now use your function that way:

int main()
{
    std::vector<double> vec = { 1., 2., 3., 4., 5. };
    for (auto&& a: enumerate(vec)) {
        size_t index = std::get<0>(a);
        double& value = std::get<1>(a);

        value += index;
    }
}

The implementation above is a mere toy: it should work with both const and non-const lvalue-references as well as rvalue-references, but has a real cost for the latter though, considering that it copies the whole iterable object several times. This problem could surely be solved with additional tweaks.

Since C++17, decomposition declarations even allow you to have the cool Python-like syntax to name the index and the value directly in the for initializer:

int main()
{
    std::vector<double> vec = { 1., 2., 3., 4., 5. };
    for (auto&& [index, value] : enumerate(vec)) {
        value += index;
    }
}

A C++-compliant compiler decomposes auto&& inferring index as std::size_t&& and value as double&.