Real-world examples of recursion

Quicksort, merge sort, and most other N-log N sorts.

There are lots of mathy examples here, but you wanted a real world example, so with a bit of thinking, this is possibly the best I can offer:

You find a person who has contracted a given contageous infection, which is non fatal, and fixes itself quickly( Type A) , Except for one in 5 people ( We'll call these type B ) who become permanently infected with it and shows no symptoms and merely acts a spreader.

This creates quite annoying waves of havoc when ever type B infects a multitude of type A.

Your task is to track down all the type Bs and immunise them to stop the backbone of the disease. Unfortunately tho, you cant administer a nationwide cure to all, because the people who are typeAs are also deadly allergic to the cure that works for type B.

The way you would do this, would be social discovery, given an infected person(Type A), choose all their contacts in the last week, marking each contact on a heap. When you test a person is infected, add them to the "follow up" queue. When a person is a type B, add them to the "follow up" at the head ( because you want to stop this fast ).

After processing a given person, select the person from the front of the queue and apply immunization if needed. Get all their contacts previously unvisited, and then test to see if they're infected.

Repeat until the queue of infected people becomes 0, and then wait for another outbreak..

( Ok, this is a bit iterative, but its an iterative way of solving a recursive problem, in this case, breadth first traversal of a population base trying to discover likely paths to problems, and besides, iterative solutions are often faster and more effective, and I compulsively remove recursion everywhere so much its become instinctive. .... dammit! )

How about anything involving a directory structure in the file system. Recursively finding files, deleting files, creating directories, etc.

Here is a Java implementation that recursively prints out the content of a directory and its sub-directories.

import java.io.File;

public class DirectoryContentAnalyserOne implements DirectoryContentAnalyser {

    private static StringBuilder indentation = new StringBuilder();

    public static void main (String args [] ){
        // Here you pass the path to the directory to be scanned
        getDirectoryContent("C:\\DirOne\\DirTwo\\AndSoOn");
    }

    private static void getDirectoryContent(String filePath) {

        File currentDirOrFile = new File(filePath);

        if ( !currentDirOrFile.exists() ){
            return;
        }
        else if ( currentDirOrFile.isFile() ){
            System.out.println(indentation + currentDirOrFile.getName());
            return;
        }
        else{
            System.out.println("\n" + indentation + "|_" +currentDirOrFile.getName());
            indentation.append("   ");

            for ( String currentFileOrDirName : currentDirOrFile.list()){
                getPrivateDirectoryContent(currentDirOrFile + "\\" + currentFileOrDirName);
            }

            if (indentation.length() - 3 > 3 ){
                indentation.delete(indentation.length() - 3, indentation.length());
            }
        }       
    }

}

A real world example of recursion