Retrieve globalpicklist/globalvalueset without SOQL
Schema.DescribeFieldResult F = <Object_API_Name>.<Field_API_Name>.getDescribe();
Schema.sObjectField T = F.getSObjectField();
List<PicklistEntry> entries = T.getDescribe().getPicklistValues();
My strategy here would simply be to describe a picklist field that implements the Global Picklist
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SObjectField picklistUsingGlobal = SObjectType.MyObject__c.fields.PicklistUsingGlobal__c.getSObjectField();
List<PicklistEntry> entries = picklistUsingGlobal.getDescribe().getPicklistValues();