Run docker in ubuntu live disk

I've managed to make this work by changing the Docker storage to devicemapper instead of AUFS.

If your system doesn't use Systemd

You just have to change /etc/default/docker to have this in it:

DOCKER_OPTS="--storage-driver=devicemapper"

If your system uses Systemd

See this answer and add --storage-driver=devicemapper at the end of the docker start command.

I've manage to make the containers run ok with this, but I prefer using AUFS.

I realized that the partition was not using aufs by default, but something like caw or cow (can't remember now).

I also tried to make it work using AUFS using the union=aufs flag in grub, but when running the docker daemon I get a FATA[0000] Shutting down daemon due to errors: error intializing graphdriver: backing file system is unsupported for this graph driver, that looks related to https://github.com/docker/docker/issues/7321

I'll leave my answer here, since it is a workaround for this problem, but if anyone manage to make this work using AUFS it would be, in my opinion, a better answer.

You want to tell the Docker daemon to store the data related to your containers on the persistent storage.

By default the docker daemon put those data into /var/lib/docker. You can change that location with the --graph docker daemon option