Search on multiple fields with Elasticsearch

You need to pick the right query for the job, which can be hard in the beginning. You can definitely use a bool query to combine all sorts of different queries together, like already suggested. There are also queries that allow to be executed on multiple fields, and map to boolean queries internally. Also, term queries are not so common in a production system since they don't support any text analysis, while you usually want to analyze the query in a way that's similar to the way you indexed the field you are querying.

One of the most common queries in elasticsearch is the match query, which works on a single field. And there's another query with the very same options that works also on multiple fields, called multi_match. These queries support text analysis and work really well. I would suggest to use them over query_string query for instance, which is a lot more powerful but error-prone as well due to the needed parsing process. I would say use the query_string only if you specifically need one of its features (e.g. specifying the field names or boolean operators within the query itself), otherwise go for match queries.

It's also important to understand the difference between queries and filters, have a look here to know more.

And do have a look at all the queries available with the query DSL and play around with those, just to have a feeling of all the different things you can do.

If you want to search same value on multiple fields then you can try

{"query": {"multi_match": {"query": "querystring", "fields": ["name", "description"]}}}

Replace querystring with your search keyword

The sql query is equivalent to:

{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": [
        {
          "term": {
            "field1": "X"
          }
        },
        {
          "term": {
            "field3": "Z"
          }
        }
      ],
      "must_not": {
        "term": {
          "field2": "Y"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

In any case I recommend you to read a bit the doc before starting with elasticsearch if you are new.

There are lots of types of queries and some of them depends on how you index your data, for example for strings, you can analyze strings (lowercase, stem words, remove stopwords, ...) at index time. The query I posted will never match a doc whose field1 is "X" if you analyze that field at index time and convert it to lower case.

Once you know a little bit better elasticsearch you can use filters for improving your queries.