Should I use single or double colon notation for pseudo-elements?

From CSS3 Selectors REC:

This :: notation is introduced by the current document in order to establish a discrimination between pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements.
For compatibility with existing style sheets, user agents must also accept the previous one-colon notation for pseudo-elements introduced in CSS levels 1 and 2 (namely, :first-line, :first-letter, :before and :after).
This compatibility is not allowed for the new pseudo-elements introduced in this specification.

It seems you're safe using (only) one-colon notation for pseudo-elements that already existed in CSS2.1 as UAs must be backward compatible.

Do not use both combined with a comma. A CSS 2.1 compliant (not CSS3 capable) user agent will ignore the whole rule:

When a user agent cannot parse the selector (i.e., it is not valid CSS 2.1), it must ignore the selector and the following declaration block (if any) as well.

CSS 2.1 gives a special meaning to the comma (,) in selectors. However, since it is not known if the comma may acquire other meanings in future updates of CSS, the whole statement should be ignored if there is an error anywhere in the selector, even though the rest of the selector may look reasonable in CSS 2.1.

http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/syndata.html#rule-sets

You could however use

.foo:after { /*styles*/ }
.foo::after { /*styles*/ }

On the other hand this is more verbose than necessary; for now, you can stick with the one-colon notation.