Solve the following equation: $\sqrt {\sin x - \sqrt {\cos x + \sin x} } = \cos x$

We do this in one period $[-\pi, \pi)$.

According to the equation, $\cos x = \sqrt \cdots \geqslant 0$, then $x \in [-\pi/2, \pi/2]$. Also inside the square root, $\sin x \geqslant \sqrt \cdots \geqslant 0$, then $x\in [0, \pi) \cup \{-\pi\}$. Thus $x \in [0, \pi/2]$ at least.

To be more exact, we consider $$ \sin x \geqslant \sqrt {\sin x + \cos x}, $$ equivalently, $$ \sin^2 x \geqslant \sin x + \cos x. $$ But in $[0, \pi/2]$, $\cos x \geqslant 0$ and $\sin^2 x \leqslant \sin x$, thus $$ \sin x \geqslant \sin^2 x \geqslant \sin x + \cos x \geqslant \sin x, $$ which means all $\geqslant $ are $=$. The $=$ holds iff $\cos x = 0$ and $\sin x = 1$. Thus the only possible $x$ is $\boldsymbol {\pi/2}$.

Clearly $x = \pi/2$ is truly a solution to the equation, so the final solutions are $$ \boxed {2n\pi +\frac \pi 2, n \in \mathbb Z }\ . $$

We see that $\sin{x}\geq0$ and $\cos{x}\geq0.$

Let $f(x)=\sqrt{\sin{x}-\sqrt{\sin{x}+\cos{x}}},$ where $x\in\left[0,\frac{\pi}{2}\right].$

Thus, $$f'(x)=\frac{\cos{x}-\frac{\cos{x}-\sin{x}}{2\sqrt{\sin{x}+\cos{x}}}}{2\sqrt{\sin{x}-\sqrt{\sin{x}+\cos{x}}}}>0$$ for $\cos{x}-\sin{x}<0.$

But for $\cos{x}-\sin{x}\geq0$ we obtain: $$f'(x)=\frac{4\cos^2x(\sin{x}+\cos{x})-(\cos{x}-\sin{x})^2}{4\sqrt{\sin{x}+\cos{x}}\sqrt{\sin{x}-\sqrt{\sin{x}+\cos{x}}}(2\cos{x}\sqrt{\sin{x}+\cos{x}}+\cos{x}-\sin{x})}$$ and $$4\cos^2x(\sin{x}+\cos{x})-(\cos{x}-\sin{x})^2=4\cos^2x(\sin{x}+\cos{x})+2\sin{x}\cos{x}-1=$$ $$=4\cos^2x(\sin{x}+\cos{x})+2\sin{x}\cos{x}-\sqrt{\sin^2x+\cos^2x}\geq$$ $$\geq2\cos^2x(\sin{x}+\cos{x})-\sin{x}-\cos{x}=(\sin{x}+\cos{x})^2(\cos{x}-\sin{x})\geq0,$$ which says that $f$ increases.

But $\cos$ decreases, which says that there is unique $\alpha\in\left[0,\frac{\pi}{2}\right]$, for which our equation has root.

$\frac{\pi}{2}$ is a root, which gives the answer: $$\left\{\frac{\pi}{2}+2\pi k|k\in\mathbb Z\right\}$$

It can be seen that the radical of the form $\sqrt{x-\sqrt{x+..}}$ is undefined for $x<1$. Since $\sin{x}$ is on the interval $[-1,1]$. This means that it is only defined for $x=\arcsin(1)$. Or generalizing this, we get; $$x=2n\pi+\frac{\pi}{2}, \tag{for n ∈ Z}$$