Sharepoint - SP2016 - Change Suite Bar?

There are a couple of new Commands in SharePoint 2016. You can try those.

$web = Get-SPWebApplication "http://sp2016
$web.SuiteNavBrandingLogoNavigationUrl ="http://google.com"
$web.SuiteNavBrandingLogoTitle = "Test"
$web.SuiteNavBrandingLogoUrl = "Url of the Logo"
$web.SuiteNavBrandingText ="testing"
$web.Update()

I am not sure why your stuff is not working may be HTML change, not sure.

If you want to just link the branding text element to a URL, you can use a clear PNG file for the logo URL. There doesn't seem to be a way just yet to link the branding text otherwise.

Use:

$wa = Get-SPWebApplication http://sp2016
$wa.SuiteNavBrandingText = "Intranet"
$wa.Update()