@Specializes in Spring

With Spring boot, you could probably get a similar result by leveraging its auto-configure mechanism, e.g. with a bean condition such as @ConditionalOnMissingBean:

public class OneBean {
  public String whoAmI() { return "OneBean"; }
}

@Configuration
public class OneConfiguration {
    @Bean
    @ConditionalOnMissingBean
    public OneBean getBean() { return new OneBean(); }
}

@Component
public class AnotherBean extends OneBean {
  @Override
  public String whoAmI() { return "AnotherBean"; }
}

However, you would have to make sure that all configurations are built accordingly if you don't know for sure which ones will be specialized:

public class OneBean {
  public String whoAmI() { return "OneBean"; }
}

public class AnotherBean extends OneBean {
  @Override
  public String whoAmI() { return "AnotherBean"; }
}

public class YetAnotherBean extends AnotherBean {
  @Override
  public String whoAmI() { return "YetAnotherBean"; }
}

@Configuration
public class OneConfiguration {
    @Bean
    @ConditionalOnMissingBean
    public OneBean getBean() { return new OneBean(); }
}

@Configuration
public class AnotherConfiguration {
    @Bean
    @ConditionalOnMissingBean
    public AnotherBean getBean() { return new AnotherBean(); }
}

@Configuration
public class YetAnotherConfiguration {
    @Bean
    @ConditionalOnMissingBean
    public YetAnotherBean getBean() { return new YetAnotherBean(); }
}
// and so on...

Seems like there is no similar annotation in spring, but you can achive it via @Qualifier.

Beans:

@Resource("oneBean")
public class OneBean {
  public String whoAmI() { return "OneBean"; }
}

@Resource("anotherBean")
public class AnotherBean extends OneBean {
  @Override
  public String whoAmI() { return "AnotherBean"; }
}

SomewhereElse:

public class SomewhereElse {
  @Autowired
  @Qualifier("anotherBean")
  OneBean oneBean;

  public void guessWhosThere() {
    return oneBean.whoAmI(); // returns "AnotherBean"
  }
}

Edited.

Also you can develop your own annotation and use it in BeanPostProcessor, look at spring docs here

OR even better to use CustomAutowireConfigurer, see here

Short answer In Spring 4, this is not possible. Period. Still, in 2016, nothing like this is possible with Spring's obsolete dependency injection model.