Spring @Transactional - isolation, propagation
Enough explanation about each parameter is given by other answers; However, you asked for a real-world example, here is the one that clarifies the purpose of different propagation options:
Suppose you're in charge of implementing a signup service in which a confirmation e-mail is sent to the user. You come up with two service objects, one for enrolling the user and one for sending e-mails, which the latter is called inside the first one. For example something like this:/* Sign Up service */
@Service
@Transactional(Propagation=REQUIRED)
class SignUpService{
...
void SignUp(User user){
...
emailService.sendMail(User);
}
}
/* E-Mail Service */
@Service
@Transactional(Propagation=REQUIRES_NEW)
class EmailService{
...
void sendMail(User user){
try{
... // Trying to send the e-mail
}catch( Exception)
}
}
You may have noticed that the second service is of propagation type REQUIRES_NEW and moreover, chances are it throws an exception (SMTP server down , invalid e-mail, or other reasons). You probably don't want the whole process to roll back, like removing the user information from a database or other things; therefore you call the second service in a separate transaction.
Back to our example, this time you are concerned about the database security, so you define your DAO classes this way:/* User DAO */
@Transactional(Propagation=MANDATORY)
class UserDAO{
// some CRUD methods
}
Meaning that whenever a DAO object, and hence a potential access to DB, is created, we need to reassure that the call was made from inside one of our services, implying that a live transaction should exist; otherwise, an exception occurs. Therefore the propagation is of type MANDATORY.
PROPAGATION_REQUIRED = 0; If DataSourceTransactionObject T1 is already started for Method M1. If for another Method M2 Transaction object is required, no new Transaction object is created. Same object T1 is used for M2.
PROPAGATION_MANDATORY = 2; method must run within a transaction. If no existing transaction is in progress, an exception will be thrown.
PROPAGATION_REQUIRES_NEW = 3; If DataSourceTransactionObject T1 is already started for Method M1 and it is in progress (executing method M1). If another method M2 start executing then T1 is suspended for the duration of method M2 with new DataSourceTransactionObject T2 for M2. M2 run within its own transaction context.
PROPAGATION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 4; If DataSourceTransactionObject T1 is already started for Method M1. If another method M2 is run concurrently. Then M2 should not run within transaction context. T1 is suspended till M2 is finished.
PROPAGATION_NEVER = 5; None of the methods run in transaction context.
An isolation level: It is about how much a transaction may be impacted by the activities of other concurrent transactions. It a supports consistency leaving the data across many tables in a consistent state. It involves locking rows and/or tables in a database.
The problem with multiple transaction
Scenario 1. If T1 transaction reads data from table A1 that was written by another concurrent transaction T2. If on the way T2 is rollback, the data obtained by T1 is invalid one. E.g. a=2 is original data. If T1 read a=1 that was written by T2. If T2 rollback then a=1 will be rollback to a=2 in DB. But, now, T1 has a=1 but in DB table it is changed to a=2.
Scenario2. If T1 transaction reads data from table A1. If another concurrent transaction (T2) update data on table A1. Then the data that T1 has read is different from table A1. Because T2 has updated the data on table A1. E.g. if T1 read a=1 and T2 updated a=2. Then a!=b.
Scenario 3. If T1 transaction reads data from table A1 with certain number of rows. If another concurrent transaction (T2) inserts more rows on table A1. The number of rows read by T1 is different from rows on table A1.
Scenario 1 is called Dirty reads.
Scenario 2 is called Non-repeatable reads.
Scenario 3 is called Phantom reads.
So, isolation level is the extend to which Scenario 1, Scenario 2, Scenario 3 can be prevented. You can obtain complete isolation level by implementing locking. That is preventing concurrent reads and writes to the same data from occurring. But it affects performance. The level of isolation depends upon application to application how much isolation is required.
ISOLATION_READ_UNCOMMITTED: Allows to read changes that haven’t yet been committed. It suffer from Scenario 1, Scenario 2, Scenario 3.
ISOLATION_READ_COMMITTED: Allows reads from concurrent transactions that have been committed. It may suffer from Scenario 2 and Scenario 3. Because other transactions may be updating the data.
ISOLATION_REPEATABLE_READ: Multiple reads of the same field will yield the same results untill it is changed by itself. It may suffer from Scenario 3. Because other transactions may be inserting the data.
ISOLATION_SERIALIZABLE: Scenario 1, Scenario 2, Scenario 3 never happen. It is complete isolation. It involves full locking. It affects performace because of locking.
You can test using:
public class TransactionBehaviour {
// set is either using xml Or annotation
DataSourceTransactionManager manager=new DataSourceTransactionManager();
SimpleTransactionStatus status=new SimpleTransactionStatus();
;
public void beginTransaction()
{
DefaultTransactionDefinition Def = new DefaultTransactionDefinition();
// overwrite default PROPAGATION_REQUIRED and ISOLATION_DEFAULT
// set is either using xml Or annotation
manager.setPropagationBehavior(XX);
manager.setIsolationLevelName(XX);
status = manager.getTransaction(Def);
}
public void commitTransaction()
{
if(status.isCompleted()){
manager.commit(status);
}
}
public void rollbackTransaction()
{
if(!status.isCompleted()){
manager.rollback(status);
}
}
Main method{
beginTransaction()
M1();
If error(){
rollbackTransaction()
}
commitTransaction();
}
}
You can debug and see the result with different values for isolation and propagation.
Good question, although not a trivial one to answer.
Propagation
Defines how transactions relate to each other. Common options:
REQUIRED: Code will always run in a transaction. Creates a new transaction or reuses one if available.REQUIRES_NEW: Code will always run in a new transaction. Suspends the current transaction if one exists.
The default value for @Transactional is REQUIRED, and this is often what you want.
Isolation
Defines the data contract between transactions.
ISOLATION_READ_UNCOMMITTED: Allows dirty reads.ISOLATION_READ_COMMITTED: Does not allow dirty reads.ISOLATION_REPEATABLE_READ: If a row is read twice in the same transaction, the result will always be the same.ISOLATION_SERIALIZABLE: Performs all transactions in a sequence.
The different levels have different performance characteristics in a multi-threaded application. I think if you understand the dirty reads concept you will be able to select a good option.
Defaults may vary between difference databases. As an example, for MariaDB it is REPEATABLE READ.
Example of when a dirty read can occur:
thread 1 thread 2
| |
write(x) |
| |
| read(x)
| |
rollback |
v v
value (x) is now dirty (incorrect)
So a sane default (if such can be claimed) could be ISOLATION_READ_COMMITTED, which only lets you read values which have already been committed by other running transactions, in combination with a propagation level of REQUIRED. Then you can work from there if your application has other needs.
A practical example of where a new transaction will always be created when entering the provideService routine and completed when leaving:
public class FooService {
private Repository repo1;
private Repository repo2;
@Transactional(propagation=Propagation.REQUIRES_NEW)
public void provideService() {
repo1.retrieveFoo();
repo2.retrieveFoo();
}
}
Had we instead used REQUIRED, the transaction would remain open if the transaction was already open when entering the routine.
Note also that the result of a rollback could be different as several executions could take part in the same transaction.
We can easily verify the behaviour with a test and see how results differ with propagation levels:
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration(locations="classpath:/fooService.xml")
public class FooServiceTests {
private @Autowired TransactionManager transactionManager;
private @Autowired FooService fooService;
@Test
public void testProvideService() {
TransactionStatus status = transactionManager.getTransaction(new DefaultTransactionDefinition());
fooService.provideService();
transactionManager.rollback(status);
// assert repository values are unchanged ...
}
With a propagation level of
REQUIRES_NEW: we would expectfooService.provideService()was NOT rolled back since it created it's own sub-transaction.REQUIRED: we would expect everything was rolled back and the backing store was unchanged.
Isolation level defines how the changes made to some data repository by one transaction affect other simultaneous concurrent transactions, and also how and when that changed data becomes available to other transactions. When we define a transaction using the Spring framework we are also able to configure in which isolation level that same transaction will be executed.
@Transactional(isolation=Isolation.READ_COMMITTED)
public void someTransactionalMethod(Object obj) {
}
READ_UNCOMMITTED isolation level states that a transaction may read data that is still uncommitted by other transactions.
READ_COMMITTED isolation level states that a transaction can't read data that is not yet committed by other transactions.
REPEATABLE_READ isolation level states that if a transaction reads one record from the database multiple times the result of all those reading operations must always be the same.
SERIALIZABLE isolation level is the most restrictive of all isolation levels. Transactions are executed with locking at all levels (read, range and write locking) so they appear as if they were executed in a serialized way.
Propagation is the ability to decide how the business methods should be encapsulated in both logical or physical transactions.
Spring REQUIRED behavior means that the same transaction will be used if there is an already opened transaction in the current bean method execution context.
REQUIRES_NEW behavior means that a new physical transaction will always be created by the container.
The NESTED behavior makes nested Spring transactions to use the same physical transaction but sets savepoints between nested invocations so inner transactions may also rollback independently of outer transactions.
The MANDATORY behavior states that an existing opened transaction must already exist. If not an exception will be thrown by the container.
The NEVER behavior states that an existing opened transaction must not already exist. If a transaction exists an exception will be thrown by the container.
The NOT_SUPPORTED behavior will execute outside of the scope of any transaction. If an opened transaction already exists it will be paused.
The SUPPORTS behavior will execute in the scope of a transaction if an opened transaction already exists. If there isn't an already opened transaction the method will execute anyway but in a non-transactional way.