SQL query return all from a table if X but not Y

We can build on your attempt:

SELECT od.order_id
FROM order_detail od
WHERE od.stock_code LIKE '0005-%' AND
      NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1
                  FROM ORD_DETAIL od2
                  WHERE od2.order_id = od.order_id AND
                        od2.price_code LIKE 'PRC%'
                 );

The particular changes are:

• The condition on stock_code is in the outer query not the subquery.
• The condition for price code is NOT EXISTS rather than EXISTS -- the order should not have such a row.
• The condition in the subquery is LIKE not NOT LIKE.

You could use aggregation and a having clause with conditional expressions:

select order_id
from order_detail
group by order_id
having 
    max(case when stock_code like '0005-%' then 1 end) = 1
    and max(case when price_code like 'PRC%' then 1 end) is null

This will give you all (unique) ids for which (at least) a record exists where stock_code = '0005' and no record exists where price_code starts with 'PRC'.