SQL recursive query that gets all ancestors of an item

with name_tree as (
   select id, parent_id, name
   from the_unknown_table
   where id = 1 -- this is the starting point you want in your recursion
   union all
   select c.id, c.parent_id, c.name
   from the_unknown_table c
     join name_tree p on p.parent_id = c.id  -- this is the recursion
) 
select *
from name_tree
where id <> 1; -- exclude the starting point from the overall result

SQLFiddle: http://sqlfiddle.com/#!3/87d0c/1

You can use something like this:

with parents as 
(
  select ID, parent_ID
  from t
  where parent_ID is not null
  union all 
  select p.ID, t.parent_ID
  from parents p
    inner join t on p.parent_ID = t.ID
      and t.parent_ID is not null
      and t.ID <> t.parent_ID
)
select *
  , parents = '(' + stuff
    (
      (
        select ', ' + cast(p.parent_ID as varchar(100))
        from parents p 
        where t.ID = p.ID
        for xml path('')
      ), 1, 2, ''
    ) + ')'
from t
order by ID

SQL Fiddle with demo.

This combines two very common T-SQL techniques - using a CTE to get a hierarchy and using FOR XML PATH to get a CSV list.