Style input element to fill remaining width of its container

as much as everyone hates tables for layout, they do help with stuff like this, either using explicit table tags or using display:table-cell

<div style="width:300px; display:table">
    <label for="MyInput" style="display:table-cell; width:1px">label&nbsp;text</label>
    <input type="text" id="MyInput" style="display:table-cell; width:100%" />
</div>

I suggest using Flexbox:

Be sure to add the proper vendor prefixes though!

form {
  width: 400px;
  border: 1px solid black;
  display: flex;
}

input {
  flex: 2;
}

input, label {
  margin: 5px;
}

<form method="post">
  <label for="myInput">Sample label</label>
  <input type="text" id="myInput" placeholder="Sample Input"/>
</form>

Please use flexbox for this. You have a container that is going to flex its children into a row. The first child takes its space as needed. The second one flexes to take all the remaining space:

<div style="display:flex;flex-direction:row">
    <label for="MyInput">label&nbsp;text</label>
    <input type="text" id="MyInput" style="flex:1" />
</div>

Here is a simple and clean solution without using JavaScript or table layout hacks. It is similar to this answer: Input text auto width filling 100% with other elements floating

It is important to wrap the input field with a span which is display:block. Next thing is that the button has to come first and the the input field second.

Then you can float the button to the right and the input field fills the remaining space.

form {
    width: 500px;
    overflow: hidden;
    background-color: yellow;
}
input {
    width: 100%;
}
span {
    display: block;
    overflow: hidden;
    padding-right:10px;
}
button {
    float: right;
}

<form method="post">
     <button>Search</button>
     <span><input type="text" title="Search" /></span>
</form>

A simple fiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/v7YTT/90/

Update 1: If your website is targeted towards modern browsers only, I suggest using flexible boxes. Here you can see the current support.

Update 2: This even works with multiple buttons or other elements that share the full with with the input field. Here is an example.