Swift Dictionary default value

This changed in Swift 4, and there's now a way to read a key's value or provide a default value if the key isn't present. For example:

let person = ["name": "Taylor", "city": "Nashville"]
let name = person["name", default: "Anonymous"]

This is particularly useful when modifying dictionary values, because you can write code like this:

var favoriteTVShows = ["Red Dwarf", "Blackadder", "Fawlty Towers", "Red Dwarf"]
var favoriteCounts = [String: Int]()

for show in favoriteTVShows {
    favoriteCounts[show, default: 0] += 1
}

I covered this change and others in my article What's new in Swift 4.

Using Swift 2 you can achieve something similar to python's version with an extension of Dictionary:

// Values which can provide a default instance
protocol Initializable {
    init()
}

extension Dictionary where Value: Initializable {
    // using key as external name to make it unambiguous from the standard subscript
    subscript(key key: Key) -> Value {
        mutating get { return self[key, or: Value()] }
        set { self[key] = newValue }
    }
}

// this can also be used in Swift 1.x
extension Dictionary {
    subscript(key: Key, or def: Value) -> Value {
        mutating get {
            return self[key] ?? {
                // assign default value if self[key] is nil
                self[key] = def
                return def
            }()
        }
        set { self[key] = newValue }
    }
}

The closure after the ?? is used for classes since they don't propagate their value mutation (only "pointer mutation"; reference types).

The dictionaries have to be mutable (var) in order to use those subscripts:

// Make Int Initializable. Int() == 0
extension Int: Initializable {}

var dict = [Int: Int]()
dict[1, or: 0]++
dict[key: 2]++

// if Value is not Initializable
var dict = [Int: Double]()
dict[1, or: 0.0]