Temperature on the surface of the sun calculated with the Stefan-Boltzmann-rule

The relationship of temperature between a planet and a star based on a radiative energy balance is given by the following equation (from Wikipedia):

$T_p = temperature\ of\ the\ planet$
$T_s = temperature\ of\ the\ star$
$R_s = radius\ of\ the\ star$
$\alpha = albedo\ of\ the\ planet$
$\epsilon = average\ emissivity\ of\ the\ planet$
$D = distance\ between\ star\ and\ planet$

Therefore if Sherlock knows $\sqrt{\frac{R_s}{D}} = 0.06818$ and can estimate the Earth's temperature $T_p$ as well as $\alpha$ and $\epsilon$ then he can calculate the temperature on the surface of the sun which is the unknown variable $T_s$.

Both $\alpha$ and $\epsilon$ have true values between zero and one. Say Sherlock assumed $\alpha = 0.5$ and $\epsilon = 1$ (perfect blackbody). Estimating the temperature of the Earth $T_p$ to be 270 K and plugging in all the numbers we have:

Which is very near the true average temperature of the surface of the sun, 5870 K. Case closed!