\topsep, \itemsep, \partopsep, \parsep - what do they each mean (and what about the bottom)?

The book by Leslie Lamport, LaTeX: a document preparation system (1994) has a figure like the one you asked for on page 113, which explains, among other things, that the vertical space at the bottom of a list is always the same as the space at the top. The latter depends on the circumstances, namely, on whether the list was or was not started in vertical mode.

This is the corresponding figure in “The LaTeX Companion”

Ok since you've asked the question with a picture, I'll answer with one (more or less).

Summmary

• \itemsep = vertical space added after each item in the list.
• \parsep = vertical space added after each paragraph in the list.
• \topsep = vertical space added above and below the list.
• \partopsep = vertical space added above and below the list, but only if the list starts a new paragraph.

Sample document

\documentclass[]{article}
\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
\parindent=0pt
\usepackage{enumitem}
\usepackage{fancyvrb}
\DefineShortVerb{\|}
\newcommand{\longline}{This is a line of text that will form a paragraph which we can use in various places.\par}
\newcommand{\printvalues}{topsep=\the\topsep; itemsep=\the\itemsep; parsep=\the\parsep; partopsep=\the\partopsep}
\begin{document}
\hrulefill
\begin{enumerate}[topsep=0pt,itemsep=0pt,parsep=0pt,partopsep=0pt]
\item\printvalues
\item With all |*sep| values set to 0pt there is no space above or below the enumeration nor between the items or paragraphs within the items.
\item\longline
\end{enumerate}
\hrulefill\par
\hrulefill
\begin{enumerate}[topsep=0pt,itemsep=20pt,parsep=0pt,partopsep=0pt]
\item\printvalues
\item When we set |\itemsep| then this much space is placed between items but no space between paragraphs within an item.
\item\longline\longline
\end{enumerate}
\hrulefill\par
\hrulefill
\begin{enumerate}[topsep=0pt,itemsep=0pt,parsep=20pt,partopsep=0pt]
\item\printvalues
\item When we set |\parsep| then this much space is placed after  every paragraph within an item.  This will effectively also separate items too, since each single paragraph item will have the |\parsep| space after it.
\item\longline\longline
\end{enumerate}
\hrulefill\par

\hrulefill
\begin{enumerate}[topsep=20pt,itemsep=0pt,parsep=0pt,partopsep=0pt]
\item\printvalues
\item When we set |\topsep| this much space is placed above and below the enumeration. 
\end{enumerate}
\hrulefill
\begin{enumerate}[topsep=0pt,itemsep=0pt,parsep=0pt,partopsep=20pt]
\item\printvalues
\item When we set |\partopsep| this much space will be placed before and after a list only if the list is preceded by a |\par| (i.e., starts a new paragraph)
\item This enumerate is not preceded by a |\par| so no space is added.
\end{enumerate}
\hrulefill\par
\hrulefill\par
\begin{enumerate}[topsep=0pt,itemsep=0pt,parsep=0pt,partopsep=20pt]
\item\printvalues
\item When we set |\partopsep| this much space will be placed before and after a list only if the list is preceded by a |\par| (i.e., starts a new paragraph)
\item This enumerate is  preceded by a |\par| so space is added.
\end{enumerate}
\hrulefill
\end{document}