Turn on Location Providers Programmatically in Android

No, it is not, but you can open the Location services settings window:

context.startActivity(new Intent(Settings.ACTION_LOCATION_SOURCE_SETTINGS));

private void turnGPSOn(){
String provider = Settings.Secure.getString(getContentResolver(), Settings.Secure.LOCATION_PROVIDERS_ALLOWED);

if(!provider.contains("gps")){ //if gps is disabled
    final Intent poke = new Intent();
    poke.setClassName("com.android.settings", "com.android.settings.widget.SettingsAppWidgetProvider"); 
    poke.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_ALTERNATIVE);
    poke.setData(Uri.parse("3")); 
    sendBroadcast(poke);
}
}

But this code support only upto APK 8.

Enabling Location with mode High Accuracy or Battery saving without user needing to visit Settings

https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2015/03/google-play-services-70-places-everyone.html