Two-way encryption: I need to store passwords that can be retrieved
How do I encrypt and decrypt a password in PHP?
By implementing one of many encryption algorithms (or using one of many libraries)
What is the safest algorithm to encrypt the passwords with?
There are tons of different algorithms, none of which are 100% secure. But many of them are secure enough for commerce and even military purposes
Where do I store the private key?
If you have decided to implement a public key - cryptography algorithm (e.g., RSA), you don't store the private key. The user has a private key. Your system has a public key which could be stored anywhere you wish.
Instead of storing the private key, is it a good idea to require users to enter the private key any time they need a password decrypted? (Users of this application can be trusted)
Well, if your user can remember ridiculously long prime numbers then - yes, why not. But generally you would need to come up with the system which will allow user to store their key somewhere.
In what ways can the password be stolen and decrypted? What do I need to be aware of?
This depends on the algorithm used. However, always make sure that you don't send password unencrypted to or from the user. Either encrypt/decrypt it on the client side, or use HTTPS (or user other cryptographic means to secure connection between server and client).
However if all you need is to store passwords in encrypted way, I would suggest you to use a simple XOR cipher. The main problem with this algorithm is that it could be easily broken by frequency analysis. However, as generally passwords are not made from long paragraphs of English text I don't think you should worry about it. The second problem with an XOR cipher is that if you have a message in both encrypted and decrypted form you could easily find out password with which it was encrypted. Again, not a big problem in your case as it only affects the user who already was compromised by other means.
The PHP module you are after is Mcrypt.
The example from the manual is slightly edited for this example):
<?php $iv_size = mcrypt_get_iv_size(MCRYPT_BLOWFISH, MCRYPT_MODE_ECB); $iv = mcrypt_create_iv($iv_size, MCRYPT_RAND); $key = "This is a very secret key"; $pass = "PasswordHere"; echo strlen($pass) . "\n"; $crypttext = mcrypt_encrypt(MCRYPT_BLOWFISH, $key, $pass, MCRYPT_MODE_ECB, $iv); echo strlen($crypttext) . "\n"; ?>You would use mcrypt_decrypt to decrypt your password.
The best algorithm is rather subjective - ask five people, and get five answers. Personally, if the default (Blowfish) isn't good enough for you, you probably have bigger problems!
Given that it is needed by PHP to encrypt, I am not sure you can hide it anywhere. Standard PHP best coding practices apply of course!
Given that the encryption key will be in your code anyway, I am not sure what you will gain, providing the rest of your application is secure.
Obviously, if the encrypted password and the encryption key are stolen, then game over.
I'd put a rider on my answer. I'm not a PHP cryptography expert, but, I think what I have answered is standard practice.
Personally, I would use mcrypt like others posted. But there is much more to note...
How do I encrypt and decrypt a password in PHP?
See below for a strong class that takes care of everything for you:
What is the safest algorithm to encrypt the passwords with?
safest? any of them. The safest method if you're going to encrypt is to protect against information disclosure vulnerabilities (XSS, remote inclusion, etc.). If it gets out, the attacker can eventually crack the encryption (no encryption is 100% un-reversible without the key - As @NullUserException points out this is not entirely true. There are some encryption schemes that are impossible to crack such as one-time pad).
Where do I store the private key?
I would use three keys. One is user supplied, one is application specific and the other is user specific (like a salt). The application specific key can be stored anywhere (in a configuration file outside of the web-root, in an environmental variable, etc.). The user specific one would be stored in a column in the db next to the encrypted password. The user supplied one would not be stored. Then, you'd do something like this:
$key = $userKey . $serverKey . $userSuppliedKey;The benefit there, is that any two of the keys can be compromised without the data being compromised. If there's a SQL injection attack, they can get the
$userKey, but not the other two. If there's a local server exploit, they can get$userKeyand$serverKey, but not the third$userSuppliedKey. If they go beat the user with a wrench, they can get the$userSuppliedKey, but not the other two (but then again, if the user is beaten with a wrench, you're too late anyway).Instead of storing the private key, is it a good idea to require users to enter the private key any time they need a password decrypted? (Users of this application can be trusted)
Absolutely. In fact, that's the only way I would do it. Otherwise you'd need to store an unencrypted version in a durable storage format (shared memory, such as APC or Memcached, or in a session file). That's exposing yourself to additional compromises. Never store the unencrypted version of the password in anything except a local variable.
In what ways can the password be stolen and decrypted? What do I need to be aware of?
Any form of compromise of your systems will let them view encrypted data. If they can inject code or get to your filesystem, they can view decrypted data (since they can edit the files that decrypt the data). Any form of replay or MITM attack will also give them full access to the keys involved. Sniffing the raw HTTP traffic will also give them the keys.
Use SSL for all traffic. And make sure nothing on the server has any kind of vulnerabilities (CSRF, XSS, SQL injection, privilege escalation, remote code execution, etc.).
Here's a PHP class implementation of a strong encryption method:
/**
* A class to handle secure encryption and decryption of arbitrary data
*
* Note that this is not just straight encryption. It also has a few other
* features in it to make the encrypted data far more secure. Note that any
* other implementations used to decrypt data will have to do the same exact
* operations.
*
* Security Benefits:
*
* - Uses Key stretching
* - Hides the Initialization Vector
* - Does HMAC verification of source data
*
*/
class Encryption {
/**
* @var string $cipher The mcrypt cipher to use for this instance
*/
protected $cipher = '';
/**
* @var int $mode The mcrypt cipher mode to use
*/
protected $mode = '';
/**
* @var int $rounds The number of rounds to feed into PBKDF2 for key generation
*/
protected $rounds = 100;
/**
* Constructor!
*
* @param string $cipher The MCRYPT_* cypher to use for this instance
* @param int $mode The MCRYPT_MODE_* mode to use for this instance
* @param int $rounds The number of PBKDF2 rounds to do on the key
*/
public function __construct($cipher, $mode, $rounds = 100) {
$this->cipher = $cipher;
$this->mode = $mode;
$this->rounds = (int) $rounds;
}
/**
* Decrypt the data with the provided key
*
* @param string $data The encrypted datat to decrypt
* @param string $key The key to use for decryption
*
* @returns string|false The returned string if decryption is successful
* false if it is not
*/
public function decrypt($data, $key) {
$salt = substr($data, 0, 128);
$enc = substr($data, 128, -64);
$mac = substr($data, -64);
list ($cipherKey, $macKey, $iv) = $this->getKeys($salt, $key);
if (!hash_equals(hash_hmac('sha512', $enc, $macKey, true), $mac)) {
return false;
}
$dec = mcrypt_decrypt($this->cipher, $cipherKey, $enc, $this->mode, $iv);
$data = $this->unpad($dec);
return $data;
}
/**
* Encrypt the supplied data using the supplied key
*
* @param string $data The data to encrypt
* @param string $key The key to encrypt with
*
* @returns string The encrypted data
*/
public function encrypt($data, $key) {
$salt = mcrypt_create_iv(128, MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM);
list ($cipherKey, $macKey, $iv) = $this->getKeys($salt, $key);
$data = $this->pad($data);
$enc = mcrypt_encrypt($this->cipher, $cipherKey, $data, $this->mode, $iv);
$mac = hash_hmac('sha512', $enc, $macKey, true);
return $salt . $enc . $mac;
}
/**
* Generates a set of keys given a random salt and a master key
*
* @param string $salt A random string to change the keys each encryption
* @param string $key The supplied key to encrypt with
*
* @returns array An array of keys (a cipher key, a mac key, and a IV)
*/
protected function getKeys($salt, $key) {
$ivSize = mcrypt_get_iv_size($this->cipher, $this->mode);
$keySize = mcrypt_get_key_size($this->cipher, $this->mode);
$length = 2 * $keySize + $ivSize;
$key = $this->pbkdf2('sha512', $key, $salt, $this->rounds, $length);
$cipherKey = substr($key, 0, $keySize);
$macKey = substr($key, $keySize, $keySize);
$iv = substr($key, 2 * $keySize);
return array($cipherKey, $macKey, $iv);
}
/**
* Stretch the key using the PBKDF2 algorithm
*
* @see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2
*
* @param string $algo The algorithm to use
* @param string $key The key to stretch
* @param string $salt A random salt
* @param int $rounds The number of rounds to derive
* @param int $length The length of the output key
*
* @returns string The derived key.
*/
protected function pbkdf2($algo, $key, $salt, $rounds, $length) {
$size = strlen(hash($algo, '', true));
$len = ceil($length / $size);
$result = '';
for ($i = 1; $i <= $len; $i++) {
$tmp = hash_hmac($algo, $salt . pack('N', $i), $key, true);
$res = $tmp;
for ($j = 1; $j < $rounds; $j++) {
$tmp = hash_hmac($algo, $tmp, $key, true);
$res ^= $tmp;
}
$result .= $res;
}
return substr($result, 0, $length);
}
protected function pad($data) {
$length = mcrypt_get_block_size($this->cipher, $this->mode);
$padAmount = $length - strlen($data) % $length;
if ($padAmount == 0) {
$padAmount = $length;
}
return $data . str_repeat(chr($padAmount), $padAmount);
}
protected function unpad($data) {
$length = mcrypt_get_block_size($this->cipher, $this->mode);
$last = ord($data[strlen($data) - 1]);
if ($last > $length) return false;
if (substr($data, -1 * $last) !== str_repeat(chr($last), $last)) {
return false;
}
return substr($data, 0, -1 * $last);
}
}
Note that I'm using a function added in PHP 5.6: hash_equals. If you're on lower than 5.6, you can use this substitute function which implements a timing-safe comparison function using double HMAC verification:
function hash_equals($a, $b) {
$key = mcrypt_create_iv(128, MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM);
return hash_hmac('sha512', $a, $key) === hash_hmac('sha512', $b, $key);
}
Usage:
$e = new Encryption(MCRYPT_BLOWFISH, MCRYPT_MODE_CBC);
$encryptedData = $e->encrypt($data, $key);
Then, to decrypt:
$e2 = new Encryption(MCRYPT_BLOWFISH, MCRYPT_MODE_CBC);
$data = $e2->decrypt($encryptedData, $key);
Note that I used $e2 the second time to show you different instances will still properly decrypt the data.
Now, how does it work/why use it over another solution:
- Keys
The keys are not directly used. Instead, the key is stretched by a standard PBKDF2 derivation.
The key used for encryption is unique for every encrypted block of text. The supplied key therefore becomes a "master key". This class therefore provides key rotation for cipher and auth keys.
Important note, the
$roundsparameter is configured for true random keys of sufficient strength (128 bits of cryptographically secure random at a minimum). If you are going to use a password, or non-random key (or less random then 128 bits of CS random), you must increase this parameter. I would suggest a minimum of 10000 for passwords (the more you can afford, the better, but it will add to the runtime)...
- Data Integrity
- The updated version uses ENCRYPT-THEN-MAC, which is a far better method for ensuring the authenticity of the encrypted data.
- Encryption:
- It uses mcrypt to actually perform the encryption. I would suggest using either
MCRYPT_BLOWFISHorMCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_128cyphers andMCRYPT_MODE_CBCfor the mode. It's strong enough, and still fairly fast (an encryption and decryption cycle takes about 1/2 second on my machine).
Now, as to point 3 from the first list, what that would give you is a function like this:
function makeKey($userKey, $serverKey, $userSuppliedKey) {
$key = hash_hmac('sha512', $userKey, $serverKey);
$key = hash_hmac('sha512', $key, $userSuppliedKey);
return $key;
}
You could stretch it in the makeKey() function, but since it's going to be stretched later, there's not really a huge point to doing so.
As far as the storage size, it depends on the plain text. Blowfish uses a 8 byte block size, so you'll have:
- 16 bytes for the salt
- 64 bytes for the hmac
- data length
- Padding so that data length % 8 == 0
So for a 16 character data source, there will be 16 characters of data to be encrypted. So that means the actual encrypted data size is 16 bytes due to padding. Then add the 16 bytes for the salt and 64 bytes for the hmac and the total stored size is 96 bytes. So there's at best a 80 character overhead, and at worst a 87 character overhead...
A lot of users have suggested using mcrypt... which is correct, but I like to go a step further to make it easily stored and transferred (as sometimes encrypted values can make them hard to send using other technologies like cURL, or JSON).
After you have successfully encrypted using mcrypt, run it through base64_encode and then convert it to hexadecimal code. Once in hexadecimal code it's easy to transfer in a variety of ways.
$td = mcrypt_module_open('tripledes', '', 'ecb', '');
$iv = mcrypt_create_iv (mcrypt_enc_get_iv_size($td), MCRYPT_RAND);
$key = substr("SUPERSECRETKEY", 0, mcrypt_enc_get_key_size($td));
mcrypt_generic_init($td, $key, $iv);
$encrypted = mcrypt_generic($td, $unencrypted);
$encrypted = $ua . "||||" . $iv;
mcrypt_generic_deinit($td);
mcrypt_module_close($td);
$encrypted = base64_encode($encrypted);
$encrypted = array_shift(unpack('H*', $encrypted));
And on the other side:
$encrypted = pack('H*', $encrypted);
$encrypted = base64_decode($encrypted);
list($encrypted, $iv) = explode("||||", $encrypted, 2);
$td = mcrypt_module_open('tripledes', '', 'ecb', '');
$key = substr("SUPERSECRETKEY", 0, mcrypt_enc_get_key_size($td));
mcrypt_generic_init($td, $key, $iv);
$unencrypted = mdecrypt_generic($td, $encrypted);
mcrypt_generic_deinit($td);
mcrypt_module_close($td);