Ubuntu: bash: cannot create temp file for here-document: No space left on device

Well, look at the list. The essential partitions you have are these two:

Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/nvme0n1p7   34G   32G     0 100% /
/dev/nvme0n1p9  173G   16G  149G  10% /home

I.e., you have a separate /home of ~170 GB, but everything else (including /var) is in /, and that's only 34 GB.

Repartitioning an installed system is likely to be hard (unless you were using LVM, which you aren't), but you could try and see if you have some large data sets that could be moved to /home, like those images. You can, also, run symlinks from /var/whatever to e.g. /home/var/whatever, (or a similar bind mount) so that the data is still visible in the expected place under /var.