understand segment tree in depth code example

Example: segmented trees

// C++ program to show segment tree operations like construction, query 
// and update 
#include  
using namespace std; 

// A utility function to get the middle index from corner indexes. 
int getMid(int s, int e) { return s + (e -s)/2; } 

/* A recursive function to get the sum of values in the given range 
	of the array. The following are parameters for this function. 

	st --> Pointer to segment tree 
	si --> Index of current node in the segment tree. Initially 
			0 is passed as root is always at index 0 
	ss & se --> Starting and ending indexes of the segment represented 
				by current node, i.e., st[si] 
	qs & qe --> Starting and ending indexes of query range */
int getSumUtil(int *st, int ss, int se, int qs, int qe, int si) 
{ 
	// If segment of this node is a part of given range, then return 
	// the sum of the segment 
	if (qs <= ss && qe >= se) 
		return st[si]; 

	// If segment of this node is outside the given range 
	if (se < qs || ss > qe) 
		return 0; 

	// If a part of this segment overlaps with the given range 
	int mid = getMid(ss, se); 
	return getSumUtil(st, ss, mid, qs, qe, 2*si+1) + 
		getSumUtil(st, mid+1, se, qs, qe, 2*si+2); 
} 

/* A recursive function to update the nodes which have the given 
index in their range. The following are parameters 
	st, si, ss and se are same as getSumUtil() 
	i --> index of the element to be updated. This index is 
			in the input array. 
diff --> Value to be added to all nodes which have i in range */
void updateValueUtil(int *st, int ss, int se, int i, int diff, int si) 
{ 
	// Base Case: If the input index lies outside the range of 
	// this segment 
	if (i < ss || i > se) 
		return; 

	// If the input index is in range of this node, then update 
	// the value of the node and its children 
	st[si] = st[si] + diff; 
	if (se != ss) 
	{ 
		int mid = getMid(ss, se); 
		updateValueUtil(st, ss, mid, i, diff, 2*si + 1); 
		updateValueUtil(st, mid+1, se, i, diff, 2*si + 2); 
	} 
} 

// The function to update a value in input array and segment tree. 
// It uses updateValueUtil() to update the value in segment tree 
void updateValue(int arr[], int *st, int n, int i, int new_val) 
{ 
	// Check for erroneous input index 
	if (i < 0 || i > n-1) 
	{ 
		cout<<"Invalid Input"; 
		return; 
	} 

	// Get the difference between new value and old value 
	int diff = new_val - arr[i]; 

	// Update the value in array 
	arr[i] = new_val; 

	// Update the values of nodes in segment tree 
	updateValueUtil(st, 0, n-1, i, diff, 0); 
} 

// Return sum of elements in range from index qs (quey start) 
// to qe (query end). It mainly uses getSumUtil() 
int getSum(int *st, int n, int qs, int qe) 
{ 
	// Check for erroneous input values 
	if (qs < 0 || qe > n-1 || qs > qe) 
	{ 
		cout<<"Invalid Input"; 
		return -1; 
	} 

	return getSumUtil(st, 0, n-1, qs, qe, 0); 
} 

// A recursive function that constructs Segment Tree for array[ss..se]. 
// si is index of current node in segment tree st 
int constructSTUtil(int arr[], int ss, int se, int *st, int si) 
{ 
	// If there is one element in array, store it in current node of 
	// segment tree and return 
	if (ss == se) 
	{ 
		st[si] = arr[ss]; 
		return arr[ss]; 
	} 

	// If there are more than one elements, then recur for left and 
	// right subtrees and store the sum of values in this node 
	int mid = getMid(ss, se); 
	st[si] = constructSTUtil(arr, ss, mid, st, si*2+1) + 
			constructSTUtil(arr, mid+1, se, st, si*2+2); 
	return st[si]; 
} 

/* Function to construct segment tree from given array. This function 
allocates memory for segment tree and calls constructSTUtil() to 
fill the allocated memory */
int *constructST(int arr[], int n) 
{ 
	// Allocate memory for the segment tree 

	//Height of segment tree 
	int x = (int)(ceil(log2(n))); 

	//Maximum size of segment tree 
	int max_size = 2*(int)pow(2, x) - 1; 

	// Allocate memory 
	int *st = new int[max_size]; 

	// Fill the allocated memory st 
	constructSTUtil(arr, 0, n-1, st, 0); 

	// Return the constructed segment tree 
	return st; 
} 

// Driver program to test above functions 
int main() 
{ 
	int arr[] = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}; 
	int n = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]); 

	// Build segment tree from given array 
	int *st = constructST(arr, n); 

	// Print sum of values in array from index 1 to 3 
	cout<<"Sum of values in given range = "<
                    
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                            Misc Example