Understanding Faltings's Theorem

I just wanted to make sure that you're aware that there is another proof of the Mordell conjecture that is in many ways more natural, and that has allowed great generalizations. This is the proof due to Vojta using ideas from Diophantine approximation. Vojta's proof was simplified by Bombieri, and that version does not require very much algebraic geometry, certainly far less than Faltings' original proof. Bombieri's article is quite readable, or you can find the proof with more exposition in my book with Hindry, Diophantine Geometry: An Introduction. Faltings subsequently generalized the methods in Vojta's article to prove strong results concerning rational and integral points on subvarieties of abelian varieties:

(Faltings) Let $A/K$ be an abelian variety defined over a number field. Theorem 1: Let $X\subset A$ be a subvariety. If $X$ contains no translates of abelian subvarieties of $A$, then $X(K)$ is finite. Theorem 2: Let $U$ be an affine open subset of $A$ and let $R\subset K$ be a ring of $S$-integers for some finite set of places $S$. Then $U(R)$ is finite.

This is not to take anything away from Faltings's first proof, which is a tour de force and well worth studying.

"Arithmetic Geometry" by Cornell-Silverman is a collection of more or less independently readable chapters of subjects playing a role in Faltings' proof. After some history in the first chapter, the second chapter is the translation of Faltings' original paper, thus you should skip this chapter on your first read. The remaining chapters should be well understandable with the knowledge of Hartshorne/Liu.

I think a very nice introduction to this topic is the paper "Arithmetic on Curves" by Mazur (https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bams/1183553167). It requires only a very little background knowledge. Another paper, which helped me to get a good overview of Faltings' proof, is "Finiteness Problems in Diophantine Geometry" by Zarhin and Parshin (http://arxiv.org/abs/0912.4325). This paper is much more detailed than the one by Mazur, hence it would be helpful to have some knowledge from Cornell/Silverman in mind, especially about Abelian varieties.