Upgrade adjunction to equivalence

Let $\mathcal C$ and $\mathcal D$ be two categories, and let $F\colon\mathcal C\longrightarrow \mathcal D$ and $G\colon\mathcal D\longrightarrow\mathcal C$ be two functors, with $F$ left adjoint to $G$. Then there are natural transformations $F\circ G\longrightarrow \operatorname{Id}_{\mathcal D}$ and $\operatorname{Id}_{\mathcal C}\longrightarrow G\circ F$ (as mentioned in a comment above).

Let $\mathcal A\subset\mathcal C$ be the full subcategory consisting of all objects $A\in\mathcal C$ for which the natural morphism $A\longrightarrow GF(A)$ is an isomorphism. Similarly, let $\mathcal B\subset\mathcal D$ be the full subcategory consisting of all objects $B\in\mathcal D$ for which the natural morphism $FG(B)\longrightarrow B$ is an isomorphism.

Then one can check that $F(\mathcal A)\subset\mathcal B$ and $G(\mathcal B)\subset\mathcal A$. The restrictions of the adjoint functors $F$ and $G$ to the full subcategories $\mathcal A\subset\mathcal C$ and $\mathcal B\subset\mathcal D$ are again adjoint functors: the functor $F|_{\mathcal A}\colon \mathcal A\longrightarrow\mathcal B$ is left adjoint to the functor $G|_{\mathcal B}\colon \mathcal B\longrightarrow\mathcal A$. The adjunction between the functors $F|_{\mathcal A}$ and $G|_{\mathcal B}$ is an equivalence between the categories $\mathcal A$ and $\mathcal B$, $$ F|_{\mathcal A}\colon\mathcal A\,\simeq\,\mathcal B:\!G|_{\mathcal B}. $$ This result can be found in the paper A. Frankild, P. Jorgensen, "Foxby equivalence, complete modules, and torsion modules", J. Pure Appl. Algebra 174 #2, p.135-147, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4049(02)00043-9 , Theorem 1.1.

I am not sure whether this should be properly called "upgrading an adjuction to an equivalence", though. The passage from the adjoint pair $(F,G)$ to the equivalence $(F|_{\mathcal A},\,G|_{\mathcal B})$ entails losing rather than gaining information. Perhaps it would be better to call it "restricting an adjunction to an equivalence".

Then again, I do not know what the author of the passage in the Wikipedia article might have had in mind.

Another and probably more natural interpretation of the sentence in the Wikipedia article may be called "localizing an adjunction to an equivalence".

Let $\mathcal C$ and $\mathcal D$ be two categories, and let $F\colon\mathcal C\longrightarrow \mathcal D$ and $G\colon\mathcal D\longrightarrow\mathcal C$ be two functors, with $F$ left adjoint to $G$. Then there are natural transformations $F\circ G\longrightarrow \operatorname{Id}_{\mathcal D}$ and $\operatorname{Id}_{\mathcal C}\longrightarrow G\circ F$, as above.

Denote by $\mathcal S$ the multiplicative class of morphisms in $\mathcal C$ generated by all the morphisms $C\longrightarrow GF(C)$, where $C$ ranges over the objects of $\mathcal C$. Similarly, denote by $\mathcal T$ the multiplicative class of morphisms in $\mathcal D$ generated by all the morphisms $FG(D)\longrightarrow D$, where $D$ ranges over the objects of $\mathcal D$.

Then one can check that the composition $\mathcal C\longrightarrow \mathcal D\longrightarrow \mathcal D[\mathcal T^{-1}]$ of the functor $F$ with the localization functor $\mathcal D\longrightarrow \mathcal D[\mathcal T^{-1}]$ takes all the morphisms from $\mathcal S$ to isomorphisms in $\mathcal D[\mathcal T^{-1}]$. So the functor $F\colon\mathcal C\longrightarrow\mathcal D$ descends to a functor $\overline F\colon\mathcal C[\mathcal S^{-1}]\longrightarrow\mathcal D[\mathcal T^{-1}]$; and similarly the functor $G\colon\mathcal D\longrightarrow\mathcal C$ descends to a functor $\overline G\colon\mathcal D[\mathcal T^{-1}]\longrightarrow\mathcal C[\mathcal S^{-1}]$.

The functors $\overline F$ and $\overline G$ are still adjoint to each other, and this adjunction is an equivalence between the two localized categories: $$ \overline F\colon\mathcal C[\mathcal S^{-1}]\,\simeq\,\mathcal D[\mathcal T^{-1}]:\!\overline G. $$

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Yet another and perhaps even more natural interpretation of what may be meant by the sentence in Wikipedia also involves passing to localizations $\mathcal C[\mathcal S^{-1}]$ and $\mathcal D[\mathcal T^{-1}]$ of the given two categories $\mathcal C$ and $\mathcal D$ with respect to some natural multiplicative classes of morphisms (often called the classes of weak equivalences) $\mathcal S\subset\mathcal C$ and $\mathcal T\subset\mathcal D$.

But, rather than hoping that the functors $F$ and $G$ would simply descend to functors between the localized categories, one derives them in some way, producing a left derived functor $$ \mathbb LF\colon\mathcal C[\mathcal S^{-1}]\longrightarrow\mathcal D[\mathcal T^{-1}] $$ and a right derived functor $$ \mathbb RG\colon\mathcal D[\mathcal T^{-1}]\longrightarrow\mathcal C[\mathcal T^{-1}]. $$ Then the functor $\mathbb LF$ is usually left adjoint to the functor $\mathbb RG$, and under certain assumptions they are even adjoint equivalences.

I would not go into further details on derived functors etc. in this answer, but rather suggest some keywords or a key sentence which you could look up: a Quillen equivalence between two model categories induces an equivalence between their homotopy categories.

I think the author of the wikipedia article probably had in mind Leonid Positselski's first answer, where one restricts to the full subcategory of fixed points of the adjunction. Beware there is no guarantee that the fixed points are nonempty! For example, if $F: Set^\to_\leftarrow Ab: U$ is the free/forgetful adjunction bewteen sets and abelian groups, the fixed points are empty.

Here's an illustrative example to have in mind which is not so degenerate. Let $K/k$ be a Galois extension. Then there is an adjuntion between the poset of intermediate subfields $k \subseteq L \subseteq K$ and the opposite of the poset of subgroups of of $Gal(K/k)$; in one direction we send a group to its field of fixed points and in the other direction we send a field to the group of automorphisms that fix it.

This adjunction is typically not an equivalence, but we can pass to the fixed points of the adjunction to get an equivalence between the poset of normal subgroups of $Gal(K/k)$ and the opposite of the poset of intermediate Galois extensions $k \subseteq L \subseteq K$.

Thus the fundamental theorem of Galois theory may be viewed as calculating the fixed point set of an adjunction, and thus as identifying where an adjunction restricts to an equivalence.