Using Angular Material, is it possible to align one button to the left and another to the right, in the same row?

You can do so with the help of a div and layout-align , here is the code:

<section layout="row" layout-sm="column" layout-align="end center" layout-wrap>
  <div layout="row" layout-align="start center" flex>
    <md-button class="md-primary">Submit</md-button>
    <span flex></span>
  </div>
  <md-button class="md-warn">Cancel</md-button>
  <md-button class="md-warn">Delete Boundary Partner Type</md-button>
</section>

And a working Plunker.

You can also use

layout-align="space-between center"

See this exemple : https://material.angularjs.org/latest/demo/panel (Last exemple)