Using Apache POI HSSF, how can I refresh all formula cells at once?

Sure. Refreshing all the formulas in a workbook is possibly the more typical use case anyway.

If you're using HSSF, call evaluatorAllFormulaCells:

 HSSFFormulaEvaluator.evaluateAllFormulaCells(hssfWorkbook)

If you're using XSSF, call evaluatorAllFormulaCells:

 XSSFFormulaEvaluator.evaluateAllFormulaCells(xssfWorkbook)

More details are available on the poi website

wb.setForceFormulaRecalculation(true);
// replace "wb" with your HSSFWorkbook/XSSFWorkbook object

https://poi.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/poi/hssf/usermodel/HSSFWorkbook.html#setForceFormulaRecalculation-boolean-

https://poi.apache.org/apidocs/org/apache/poi/xssf/usermodel/XSSFWorkbook.html#setForceFormulaRecalculation-boolean-

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