Using newtxmath with the original arrowheads

To get curly-shaped arrowheads while using the newtxmath package, you may want to load the old-arrows package.

The following screenshots show the output of an MWE without and with the old-arrows package loaded.

enter image description here enter image description here

\documentclass[border=2pt]{standalone}
\usepackage{newtxtext}
\usepackage[libertine]{newtxmath}
%\usepackage{old-arrows} % uncomment as desired
\begin{document}
$A\to B$, $a\mapsto b$, $c\gets d$, $u\leftrightarrow v$
\end{document}

Addendum: Just for completeness, here are a couple of screenshots that show the effect that loading the old-arrows package has if no font package is loaded, i.e., if the Computer Modern font is employed. The main effect is a noticeable reduction in the size of the arrowheads (back to their pre-1992 sizes, according to the user guide of the old-arrows package).

enter image description here enter image description here

\documentclass[border=2pt]{standalone}
%\usepackage{old-arrows} % uncomment as desired
\begin{document}
$A\to B$, $a\mapsto b$, $c\gets d$, $u\longleftrightarrow v$
\end{document}

Here is how you can adjust the arrows in tikz-cd, regardless of whether or not you load old-arrows (as suggested in Mico's answer). tikz-cd comes with the option to get the arrow head from a glyph. So we can just use the rightarrow glyph to get

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{newtxtext}
\usepackage[libertine]{newtxmath}
\usepackage{tikz-cd}
\usepackage{old-arrows} % uncomment as desired
\tikzset{
math to/.tip={Glyph[glyph math command=rightarrow]}}
\begin{document}
$A\to B,  a\mapsto b$

\begin{tikzcd}
A\arrow[r,-math to] & B \end{tikzcd}
\end{document}

enter image description here

When you comment out the \usepackage{old-arrows}

enter image description here

What if you wish to install this globally for "ordinary" arrows? Just redefine the rightarrow style.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{newtxtext}
\usepackage[libertine]{newtxmath}
\usepackage{tikz-cd}
%\usepackage{old-arrows} 
\tikzset{
math to/.tip={Glyph[glyph math command=rightarrow]}}
\tikzcdset{rightarrow/.code={\pgfsetarrows{tikzcd cap-math to}}}

\begin{document}
$A\to B,  a\mapsto b$

\begin{tikzcd}
A\arrow[r] & B \end{tikzcd}
\end{document}

You can emulate more and more of these arrows. This essentially amounts to copying the code from tikzlibrarycd.code.tex and replacing the arrow heads as described above. Here are a few more.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{newtxtext}
\usepackage[libertine]{newtxmath}
\usepackage{tikz-cd}
%\usepackage{old-arrows} 
\tikzset{
ambient rightarrow/.tip={Glyph[glyph math command=rightarrow]},
ambient Rightarrow/.tip={Glyph[glyph math command=Rightarrow]},
}

\tikzcdset{ambient arrows/.code={
\tikzcdset{rightarrow/.code={\pgfsetarrows{tikzcd cap-ambient rightarrow}},
  Rightarrow/.code={\tikzcdset{double line}\pgfsetarrows{tikzcd implies cap-ambient Rightarrow}},
  leftarrow/.code={\pgfsetarrows{ambient rightarrow-tikzcd cap}},
  Leftarrow/.code={\tikzcdset{double line}\pgfsetarrows{ambient Rightarrow-tikzcd implies cap}},
  leftrightarrow/.code={\pgfsetarrows{ambient rightarrow-ambient rightarrow}},
  Leftrightarrow/.code={\tikzcdset{double line}\pgfsetarrows{ambient Rightarrow-ambient Rightarrow}},
  mapsto/.code={\pgfsetarrows{tikzcd bar-ambient rightarrow}},
  mapsfrom/.code={\pgfsetarrows{ambient rightarrow-tikzcd bar}},
  Mapsto/.code={\tikzcdset{double line}\pgfsetarrows{tikzcd implies bar-ambient Rightarrow}},
  Mapsfrom/.code={\tikzcdset{double line}\pgfsetarrows{ambient Rightarrow-tikzcd implies bar}},
  }}}
\begin{document}
$A\to B,  a\mapsto b,C\Rightarrow D$

\begin{tikzcd}[ambient arrows]
A\arrow[d,mapsto]\arrow[r] & B \\
C & \arrow[l,Rightarrow] D\arrow[u,Rightarrow]
\end{tikzcd} 
\end{document}

enter image description here

One should, however, also mention that, while these glyphs are really great, they are not perfect nor quite as versatile as the arrows from arrows.meta. So you should not expect to be able to bend them arbitrarily and your may find viewer-dependent glitches. If you want this, then you probably need to declare arrow heads on your own. This is not particularly difficult but somewhat tedious. For details look up \pgfdeclarearrow in the pgf manual (and look for posts using this command). (Ironically a couple of hours ago I believe to have found that the Implies arrow head might be somewhat less versatile than one may think it is.)