Value was either too large or too small for a UInt32: TFS Checkin Error

I have found the solution for this issue.

Solution:

Save your files before check-in and then initiate check in. This issue will not come.

Root Cause:

It seems to be a bug in the dialog (Not sure), but certainly error message is confusing to user.

Hope this solution will resolve your issue.

As Geeky Ninja mentions, the problem is that not all files are saved. Luckily VS has a handy button for this (ctrl + shift + s):

File > Save All 

Helps me every time

Build and check in. You will not see the problem. It's always good to see your changes are actually compiled with no errors before checking in.