Visual Studio Code: Git diff over git gutter indicator
It's here!
It appeared in Visual Studio Code 1.18!
They call it Source Control Inline change review. By the way, they also added coloration over the modified files in the file explorer.
There currently is no such feature. In general, you should not expect some random feature from one IDE to exist in another editor or it being an “upcoming feature” just because some parts of the UI looks similar. In almost all situations, this won’t be the case.
However, in this case, there is actually some kind of work going on, as can be seen in issue 10782. You can follow the progress there, or even try to contribute to make it land quicker.
Interestingly, for Visual Studio (not Code), there’s actually an extension that provides this functionality: GitDiffMargin.