Visualizing quotient groups: $\mathbb{R/Q}$

So, you say that the group (not topological) quotient of $\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}$ is topologically equivalent (i.e., homeomorphic) to the circle. However, this doesn't make any sense unless you have a topology on $\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}$! More the point is that a topological group like $\mathbb{R}$ has both a topological structure and a group structure. Now, when you form the group quotient $\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}$, it can be given a topological space in a natural way, in particular, via the quotient topology. Notice that when we do this we again get a topological group (i.e., the quotient group operations are continuous with respect to the quotient topology). Furthermore, the quotient $\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}$ (as a topological space) is homeomorphic to the circle.

Now, in the case of your question, the quotient topology on $\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Q}$ is the trivial topology. This is not hard to prove since preimages of open sets must be open and saturated. Thus if such a preimage is nonempty, it contains an open interval, and since it is saturated, it must contain all real numbers which differ by a rational from a point in this interval. It is then easy to see that this set must be all of $\mathbb{R}$. Thus the only saturated open sets of $\mathbb{R}$ are $\emptyset$ and $\mathbb{R}$ itself. Hence the quotient topology is trivial. Furthermore, it is trivial that any map into a space with the trivial topology is continuous, so the quotient group operations on $\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Q}$ are again continuous. So we again have a topological group, albeit not a very interesting one because it isn't very interesting as a topological space. As far as what this space "looks" like, it is similar to a one point space for the reason Ricky mentioned in the comments. However, it is not really easy to visualize since it is not homeomorphic to any subspace of $\mathbb{R}^n$ equipped with the subspace topology (because it is not Hausdorff, or any one of a number of other reasons).

Edit: I should have added that whenever you have a topological group and form the quotient in the way we did above the result is always a topological group. However, unless the original normal subgroup is closed, the resulting quotient group will not even be $T_0$ as a topological space. Thus it is only really interesting to form the quotient when the set by which you quotient out is closed. This explains why $\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}$ is interesting as a topological group, but $\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Q}$ is not.

If you ignore topology, it's pretty much the same as $\mathbf R$.

Notice that $\mathbf R$ is a $\mathfrak c$-dimensional vector space over $\mathbf Q$, of which $\bf Q$ is a one-dimensional subspace. Taking the quotient $\bf R/\bf Q$ is actually taking the quotient of a $\mathfrak c$-dimensional vector space by a one-dimensional subspace, which is again a vector space, and is still $\mathfrak c$-dimensional (because $1<\mathfrak c$ ;) ), so it is isomorphic to $\bf R$ as a vector space over $\bf Q$, and in particular as a group.

It really depends on what you think about as visualizing.

The group $\mathbb Z$ is discrete, so between two successive points there is a part which looks a bit like $\mathbb R$. The result, if so, is somewhat close to being $\mathbb R$.

On the other hand, $\mathbb Q$ is a dense subgroup of $\mathbb R$. This means that it gets a lot messier. Not without a good reason too, we can usually imagine things which have shape, things which can be measured.

Any set of representatives for $\mathbb R/\mathbb Q$ cannot be measured. This tells you that it is practically impossible to visualize this quotient in the same sense that we would imagine a circle, a ball, or even if we try really hard and we imagine a four-dimensional space.

Furthermore, using the axiom of choice we can create such set of representatives; however without the axiom of choice this quotient might not even be linearly ordered. Namely, it forms a set which cannot be linearly ordered. In contrast, $\mathbb R/\mathbb Z$ is a circle, or a half-open interval (where we identify the endpoints), even without the axiom of choice.

This tells you even more: you need the axiom of choice to impose an order on this set. Just a linear order, not even a well-order. Therefore imagining this as a linearly ordered set is even harder than we may believe at first.

My suggestion is not to try and visualize it. Accept this as a formal object which you can understand to some extent, but not see. Move on with this. Eventually, after running into infinitary objects ($\ell^2$, for example) and succeeding in visualizing those -- come back to this one, then you might be able to pull this off.