Android - What are the different signal indicators avalable on the notification bar?

They are referring to the mobile data connection:

• 1x: 1xRTT (slow like a dialup modem (here: 80–100 kbit/s), shows up on US Cellular CDMA networks with Google Fi in Northern California)
• G: GPRS (slow like dialup modem, here: 56–114 kbit/s)
• E: Edge (enhanced GSM, about 400 kbit/s)
• 3G: UMTS (384 kbit/s to 7.2 Mbit/s)
• H: HSPA (enhanced 3G, sometimes shown as 3.5G; up to 21 Mbit/s)
• H+: HSPA+ (even more enhanced/faster HSPA; up to 42.2 Mbit/s)
• 4G: LTE (thanks to eldarerathis for confirmation); up to 300 Mbit/s
• 5G: not yet in the wild; up to 10 Gbit/s planned

The bars obviously show signal quality, and the arrows show whether data transfer is in progress. As for the colors (your pictures show blue and gray signal icons), please refer to What does it mean when the connectivity icons in the status bar go white/gray?

On CyanogenMod 10.2, I currently got R, which I think means Roaming.