What does axis in pandas mean?

Let's visualize (you gonna remember always),

In Pandas:

1. axis=0 means along "indexes". It's a row-wise operation.

Suppose, to perform concat() operation on dataframe1 & dataframe2, we will take dataframe1 & take out 1st row from dataframe1 and place into the new DF, then we take out another row from dataframe1 and put into new DF, we repeat this process until we reach to the bottom of dataframe1. Then, we do the same process for dataframe2.

Basically, stacking dataframe2 on top of dataframe1 or vice a versa.

E.g making a pile of books on a table or floor

2. axis=1 means along "columns". It's a column-wise operation.

Suppose, to perform concat() operation on dataframe1 & dataframe2, we will take out the 1st complete column(a.k.a 1st series) of dataframe1 and place into new DF, then we take out the second column of dataframe1 and keep adjacent to it (sideways), we have to repeat this operation until all columns are finished. Then, we repeat the same process on dataframe2. Basically, stacking dataframe2 sideways.

E.g arranging books on a bookshelf.

More to it, since arrays are better representations to represent a nested n-dimensional structure compared to matrices! so below can help you more to visualize how axis plays an important role when you generalize to more than one dimension. Also, you can actually print/write/draw/visualize any n-dim array but, writing or visualizing the same in a matrix representation(3-dim) is impossible on a paper more than 3-dimensions.

It specifies the axis along which the means are computed. By default axis=0. This is consistent with the numpy.mean usage when axis is specified explicitly (in numpy.mean, axis==None by default, which computes the mean value over the flattened array) , in which axis=0 along the rows (namely, index in pandas), and axis=1 along the columns. For added clarity, one may choose to specify axis='index' (instead of axis=0) or axis='columns' (instead of axis=1).

+------------+---------+--------+
|            |  A      |  B     |
+------------+---------+---------
|      0     | 0.626386| 1.52325|----axis=1----->
+------------+---------+--------+
             |         |
             | axis=0  |
             ↓         ↓

These answers do help explain this, but it still isn't perfectly intuitive for a non-programmer (i.e. someone like me who is learning Python for the first time in context of data science coursework). I still find using the terms "along" or "for each" wrt to rows and columns to be confusing.

What makes more sense to me is to say it this way:

• Axis 0 will act on all the ROWS in each COLUMN
• Axis 1 will act on all the COLUMNS in each ROW

So a mean on axis 0 will be the mean of all the rows in each column, and a mean on axis 1 will be a mean of all the columns in each row.

Ultimately this is saying the same thing as @zhangxaochen and @Michael, but in a way that is easier for me to internalize.