What does set -e mean in a bash script?

From help set :

  -e  Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status.

But it's considered bad practice by some (bash FAQ and irc freenode #bash FAQ authors). It's recommended to use:

trap 'do_something' ERR

to run do_something function when errors occur.

See http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ/105

set -e stops the execution of a script if a command or pipeline has an error - which is the opposite of the default shell behaviour, which is to ignore errors in scripts. Type help set in a terminal to see the documentation for this built-in command.

As per bash - The Set Builtin manual, if -e/errexit is set, the shell exits immediately if a pipeline consisting of a single simple command, a list or a compound command returns a non-zero status.

By default, the exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the pipeline, unless the pipefail option is enabled (it's disabled by default).

If so, the pipeline's return status of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit successfully.

If you'd like to execute something on exit, try defining trap, for example:

trap onexit EXIT

where onexit is your function to do something on exit, like below which is printing the simple stack trace:

onexit(){ while caller $((n++)); do :; done; }

There is similar option -E/errtrace which would trap on ERR instead, e.g.:

trap onerr ERR

Examples

Zero status example:

$ true; echo $?
0

Non-zero status example:

$ false; echo $?
1

Negating status examples:

$ ! false; echo $?
0
$ false || true; echo $?
0

Test with pipefail being disabled:

$ bash -c 'set +o pipefail -e; true | true | true; echo success'; echo $?
success
0
$ bash -c 'set +o pipefail -e; false | false | true; echo success'; echo $?
success
0
$ bash -c 'set +o pipefail -e; true | true | false; echo success'; echo $?
1

Test with pipefail being enabled:

$ bash -c 'set -o pipefail -e; true | false | true; echo success'; echo $?
1

I found this post while trying to figure out what the exit status was for a script that was aborted due to a set -e. The answer didn't appear obvious to me; hence this answer. Basically, set -e aborts the execution of a command (e.g. a shell script) and returns the exit status code of the command that failed (i.e. the inner script, not the outer script).

For example, suppose I have the shell script outer-test.sh:

#!/bin/sh
set -e
./inner-test.sh
exit 62;

The code for inner-test.sh is:

#!/bin/sh
exit 26;

When I run outer-script.sh from the command line, my outer script terminates with the exit code of the inner script:

$ ./outer-test.sh
$ echo $?
26