What does the thread_local mean in C++11?

Thread-local storage duration is a term used to refer to data that is seemingly global or static storage duration (from the viewpoint of the functions using it) but in actual fact, there is one copy per thread.

It adds to the current automatic (exists during a block/function), static (exists for the program duration) and dynamic (exists on the heap between allocation and deallocation).

Something that is thread-local is brought into existence at thread creation and disposed of when the thread stops.

Some examples follow.

Think of a random number generator where the seed must be maintained on a per-thread basis. Using a thread-local seed means that each thread gets its own random number sequence, independent of other threads.

If your seed was a local variable within the random function, it would be initialised every time you called it, giving you the same number each time. If it was a global, threads would interfere with each other's sequences.

Another example is something like strtok where the tokenisation state is stored on a thread-specific basis. That way, a single thread can be sure that other threads won't screw up its tokenisation efforts, while still being able to maintain state over multiple calls to strtok - this basically renders strtok_r (the thread-safe version) redundant.

Both these examples allow for the thread local variable to exist within the function that uses it. In pre-threaded code, it would simply be a static storage duration variable within the function. For threads, that's modified to thread local storage duration.

Yet another example would be something like errno. You don't want separate threads modifying errno after one of your calls fails but before you can check the variable, and yet you only want one copy per thread.

This site has a reasonable description of the different storage duration specifiers.

When you declare a variable thread_local then each thread has its own copy. When you refer to it by name, then the copy associated with the current thread is used. e.g.

thread_local int i=0;

void f(int newval){
    i=newval;
}

void g(){
    std::cout<<i;
}

void threadfunc(int id){
    f(id);
    ++i;
    g();
}

int main(){
    i=9;
    std::thread t1(threadfunc,1);
    std::thread t2(threadfunc,2);
    std::thread t3(threadfunc,3);

    t1.join();
    t2.join();
    t3.join();
    std::cout<<i<<std::endl;
}

This code will output "2349", "3249", "4239", "4329", "2439" or "3429", but never anything else. Each thread has its own copy of i, which is assigned to, incremented and then printed. The thread running main also has its own copy, which is assigned to at the beginning and then left unchanged. These copies are entirely independent, and each has a different address.

It is only the name that is special in that respect --- if you take the address of a thread_local variable then you just have a normal pointer to a normal object, which you can freely pass between threads. e.g.

thread_local int i=0;

void thread_func(int*p){
    *p=42;
}

int main(){
    i=9;
    std::thread t(thread_func,&i);
    t.join();
    std::cout<<i<<std::endl;
}

Since the address of i is passed to the thread function, then the copy of i belonging to the main thread can be assigned to even though it is thread_local. This program will thus output "42". If you do this, then you need to take care that *p is not accessed after the thread it belongs to has exited, otherwise you get a dangling pointer and undefined behaviour just like any other case where the pointed-to object is destroyed.

thread_local variables are initialized "before first use", so if they are never touched by a given thread then they are not necessarily ever initialized. This is to allow compilers to avoid constructing every thread_local variable in the program for a thread that is entirely self-contained and doesn't touch any of them. e.g.

struct my_class{
    my_class(){
        std::cout<<"hello";
    }
    ~my_class(){
        std::cout<<"goodbye";
    }
};

void f(){
    thread_local my_class unused;
}

void do_nothing(){}

int main(){
    std::thread t1(do_nothing);
    t1.join();
}

In this program there are 2 threads: the main thread and the manually-created thread. Neither thread calls f, so the thread_local object is never used. It is therefore unspecified whether the compiler will construct 0, 1 or 2 instances of my_class, and the output may be "", "hellohellogoodbyegoodbye" or "hellogoodbye".

Thread-local storage is in every aspect like static (= global) storage, only that each thread has a separate copy of the object. The object's life time starts either at thread start (for global variables) or at first initialization (for block-local statics), and ends when the thread ends (i.e. when join() is called).

Consequently, only variables that could also be declared static may be declared as thread_local, i.e. global variables (more precisely: variables "at namespace scope"), static class members, and block-static variables (in which case static is implied).

As an example, suppose you have a thread pool and want to know how well your work load was being balanced:

thread_local Counter c;

void do_work()
{
    c.increment();
    // ...
}

int main()
{
    std::thread t(do_work);   // your thread-pool would go here
    t.join();
}

This would print thread usage statistics, e.g. with an implementation like this:

struct Counter
{
     unsigned int c = 0;
     void increment() { ++c; }
     ~Counter()
     {
         std::cout << "Thread #" << std::this_thread::id() << " was called "
                   << c << " times" << std::endl;
     }
};