Example 1: where do you use abstraction in your project
I used in defining a common super class while writing POM layer of the framework
We usually create an abstract class named
BasePage to have all common members for every page written
in this class like getPageTitle().
Then each Page class (HomePage, LoginPage, DashboardPage
etc.) inherit from BasePage.
Sometimes one may need to change the behavior of methods
implemented in superclass. So, subclass has freedom to
override that method where we use polymorphism.
This is how we use Abstract class in real projects
Example 2: what is abstraction
it is process of hiding implementation details and
only showing the functionality to the user.
Abstraction focus on what the object does instead of how it does.
It is achieved by using Abstract class and Interface.
abstract methods (methods without body, cannot be static and final),
interface must implemented and abstract classes must be extended
by regular classes in order to achieve abstraction
(because abstract methods can only be exist in abstract class and interface).
A class can implement multiple interfaces,
but it can extend only single abstract class.
Ex: In my framework I have achieve abstraction by using collections or
Map, because it’s all interface. Most of the cases I come across using List.
If we want to access elements frequently by using index, List is a way to go.
ArrayList provides faster access if we know index.
If we want to store elements and want them to maintain an order,
List is a better choice.
i)List<String> webs=driver.getWindowHandles();
=>create a list first to store web URLs in list
ii)findElements evaluates multiple elements so therefore will assigned
to List <WebElement>
iii)To handle dynamic elements store it in the list and identify by index:
List<WebElement> all=driver.findElements(By.tagname(“”)); (or other locators).
Example 3: what is abstraction in java
Sometimes we may come across a situation
where we cannot provide implementation to
all the methods in a class. We want to leave the
implementation to a class that extends it.
In that case we declare a class
as abstract by using abstract keyword on method
signature.In my framework I have created my
PageBase class as super
class of the all page classes.
I have collected all common elements
and functions into PageBase class and
all other page classes extent PageBase class.
By doing so, I don't have to locate very
common WebElements and it provides
reusability in my framework.
Also
1)Abstract classes cannot be instantiated
2)An abstarct classes contains abstract method,
concrete methods or both.
3)Any class which extends abstarct class must
override all methods of abstract class
4)An abstarct class can contain either
0 or more abstract method.
Example 4: abstraction
Sometimes we may come across a situation
where we cannot provide implementation to
all the methods in a class. We want to leave the
implementation to a class that extends it.
In that case we declare a class
as abstract by using abstract keyword on method
signature.In my framework I have created my
PageBase class as super
class of the all page classes.
I have collected all common elements
and functions into PageBase class and
all other page classes extent PageBase class.
By doing so, I don't have to locate very
common WebElements and it provides
reusability in my framework.
Also
1)Abstract classes cannot be instantiated
2)An abstarct classes contains abstract method,
concrete methods or both.
3)Any class which extends abstarct class must
override all methods of abstract class
4)An abstarct class can contain either
0 or more abstract method.
Example 5: abstraction
Abstraction: Hiding the implementation details,
concentrating on essentials things,
without worrying about the details
■ In java, abstraction is achieved via abstract class or interface
■ Abstraction cannot exist without inheritance
3.1. Abstract class a class that's meant to be inherited
(cannot be private or final)
■ To create an abstract class: add keyword abstract
before the class declaration
■ A class that we cannot create object
when abstract class extended by regular class:
we MUST override all the abstract methods of super class
when abstract class extended by abstract class:
no need to override any abstract methods
abstract class vs non-abstract class:
NON-ABSTRACT CLASS:
cannot have: abstract methods
can have: constructor, instance method, static method,
instance block, static block, instance variable, static variable
ABSTRACT CLASS:
can have: constructor, instance method, static method, instance block,
static block, instance variable, static variable...
ABSTRACT METHOD: method without implementation, meant to be override
(cannot create object, cannot be final,static,private)
FRAMEWORK EXAMPLE:
In my framework I have achieved abstraction by using collections
or Map, because it’s all interface. Most of the cases I come
across using List. If we want to access elements frequently
by using index, List is a way to go. ArrayList provides
faster access if we know index. If we want to store elements and
want them to maintain an order, List is a better choice.
i) List webs = driver.getWindowHandles();
=>create a list first to store web URLs in list
ii)To handle dynamic elements store it in the list and identify by index
List all = driver.findElements(By.tagname(“”));
In my framework I follow POM and had situations where some pages
shared similar actions that were similar but worked slightly
different, so I was able to use abstraction to define those
actions and implement them in each page according to what was needed
for that webpage
Example 6: method abstraction
float GetAreaOfCircle(float radius) {
return 3.14f * radius * radius;
}
int main() {
printf("%d", GetAreaOfCircle(3.0f));
getch();
return 0;
}
float GetAreaOfCircle(float radius) {
return radius * radius;
}
int main() {
float area = 3.14f * GetAreaOfCircle(3.0f);
printf("%d", );
getch();
return 0;
}