What is the English term for a Belgian non-university higher education institution?

Apparently this is the same kind of institution as the German "Fachhochschule", which is usually translated as "university of applied sciences". The Wikipedia article about "Hogeschool van Amsterdam" seems to confirm this: "The Hogeschool van Amsterdam, University of Applied Sciences (HvA), or Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences ..." See also their English website: http://www.amsterdamuas.com/

However, you might still need to explain this in more detail to those not familiar with the Dutch, Belgian or German education system.

My answer will assume that it is similar to the German "Fachhochschule" as suggested by @Roland.

I'm not aware of a specific term that already exists in the U.S., that most people would understand. (There might be something in use in the U.K.)

If you need to tell someone what your credentials and academic experience are, you might want to say something like this:

I graduated from a "Hogeschool" in Belgium. This is a technical school, an institution of higher learning that grants a terminal post-secondary college degree in various applied sciences. Graduates typically work in industry after graduation without going on to pursue a Master's or a PhD, as might be the case with university studies. It's roughly equivalent to a non-Honors (four-year) Bachelor's degree in the U.S. There is less student choice in course selection, and it features more of a hands-on approach, building on-the-job experience through co-op education.

If you want a shorter, more informal version:

I have a Bachelor's from a technical college or Hogeschool, in Belgium. It's still considered "higher education," but it's less high-fallutin than a university.

Please feel free to adjust anything I didn't get quite right.