What is the size of an atomic write to disk on my system?

better late than never :)

quick answer is: "2,147,479,552 bytes, if kernel version is 3.14 or newer"

detailed answer:

As far as I understand, it is about write syscall:

http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/write.2.html

1) any POSIX systems ( linux, bsd, all unix ) are guaranteed to be able to write up to MAX_SSIZE bytes

According to POSIX.1, if count is greater than SSIZE_MAX, the result is implementation-defined; see NOTES for the upper limit on Linux.

# getconf SSIZE_MAX
32767

2) linux guaranteed to be able to write up to 1.99 GiB ( and it's atomic operation for linux kernel version 3.14 and newer )

On Linux, write() (and similar system calls) will transfer at most 0x7ffff000 (2,147,479,552) bytes, returning the number of bytes actually transferred. (This is true on both 32-bit and 64-bit systems.)

But it's fair atomic operation only from linux kernel 3.14

According to POSIX.1-2008/SUSv4 Section XSI 2.9.7 ("Thread Interactions with Regular File Operations"):

All of the following functions shall be atomic with respect to each other in the effects specified in POSIX.1-2008 when they operate on regular files or symbolic links: ...

Among the APIs subsequently listed are write() and writev(2). And among the effects that should be atomic across threads (and processes) are updates of the file offset. However, on Linux before version 3.14, this was not the case: if two processes that share an open file description (see open(2)) perform a write() (or writev(2)) at the same time, then the I/O operations were not atomic with respect updating the file offset, with the result that the blocks of data output by the two processes might (incorrectly) overlap. This problem was fixed in Linux 3.14.