What's the difference between Thread start() and Runnable run()

First example: No multiple threads. Both execute in single (existing) thread. No thread creation.

R1 r1 = new R1();
R2 r2 = new R2();

r1 and r2 are just two different objects of classes that implement the Runnable interface and thus implement the run() method. When you call r1.run() you are executing it in the current thread.

Second example: Two separate threads.

Thread t1 = new Thread(r1);
Thread t2 = new Thread(r2);

t1 and t2 are objects of the class Thread. When you call t1.start(), it starts a new thread and calls the run() method of r1 internally to execute it within that new thread.

If you just invoke run() directly, it's executed on the calling thread, just like any other method call. Thread.start() is required to actually create a new thread so that the runnable's run method is executed in parallel.

The difference is that Thread.start() starts a thread that calls the run() method, while Runnable.run() just calls the run() method on the current thread.