What to expect when sourcing parts
Most chip companies don't publish prices because they are useless to most of their customers. And by "customers", I mean people that buy chips in volume. For example, TI publishes prices at 1,000 units per year. If I buy more than that, I can get a better price-- and most manufacturers will buy more than 1k/year. But on top of the normal volume discount, I can negotiate a better price. Let's say that I want 1k/year of a part, I can usually get 5k/year pricing. I could also make a case for a "package deal", where if I need 1k/year each of 5 different chips then I could request 5k/year pricing on everything.
In the end, the price on the web site is almost never the price that I actually pay. Further, the price I pay is almost never the price that you will pay. Maybe you got a better price, or maybe I did. Either way, TI doesn't want us to know each others price because then we could use that as leverage to get a lower price.
The other thing is that these chip companies don't make any money selling small quantities. Their overhead is quite large, and they need customers buying large quantities at a time. The point is, they have no motivation to sell direct to the small customer. That's why there are places like Digikey. Digikey will buy large lots, divide them up, and sell them 1 or 10 at a time.
Some chip companies know that selling small qty is a loosing proposition, and they are actually better off giving them away-- if in "good will credit" if not actual money. That's what Maxim, National, TI, and Microchip do. TI actually contracted with Digikey for their sample program. If you ask for samples from TI, Digikey will be the one to ship it to you.
So, when buying specialized components in small qty you'll frequently be out of luck. The chip manufacturers won't sell it to you, and probably won't sample it either. The wholesale distributors won't talk with you for similar reasons. And Digikey and places like that won't help either.
One thing to look for is each manufacturer will list, somewhere, places that sell their parts. Sometimes it's a link off of the individual chip's page, or sometimes it is somewhere else. But check out that list. Most of those suppliers will be wholesalers who won't talk to you, but they might mention places like Digikey or Mouser. Failing that, you could email their main sales people and just be up-front about what you're doing and how much you will be buying and ask them where you should go to buy it.
The first thing I do is stick to companies that offer free samples. You don't even have to pay for shipping in most cases. Try Maxim, National, and Microchip -- they all give free samples for certain parts. Maybe you can start prototyping with something that's close to what you need, but maybe not exactly it.
Have you tried the obvious ones like Digikey, Mouser, Jameco, Arrow, or AVNet?
I used to work for one of the big semiconductor companies, and our policy was to redirect any queries for less than 100k parts to the distributors. We were already too busy providing support to the large customers, the ones that would buy 15-20M parts a year. The 1k pricing you see on the websites has become a standard that aids engineers when it comes to selecting a part instead of another, depending on the available budget. For example, if a microcontroller with a little bit more memory is 4 times more expensive, the engineer might decide that is worth spending a little longer squeezing the code into it, rather than denting the profit margin of the end product.
When it comes to buying small quantities of parts, I suggest the following sources:
In the EU:
Farnell, RS, Distrelec
In the US:
Digikey and Mouser. The last two are US based, but will ship to the EU.
Worldwide, it is worth looking at Ebay, and Aliexpress, although keep in mind that these are not approved distributors, and therefore the origin of the parts might be uncertain. I've used them for personal projects, and never had an issue, but I would never dream using them to source parts for work.