Which kind of hard disk is this? (7 cm × 9,5 cm, 48 pins)

That would be an IDE (PATA) drive. The pins to the side are for jumpers, not the cable:

(image from flylib.com)

Given how antique these are now, I suggest a USB to IDE and SATA 2.5" drive adapter as being of more use, and of similar cost, usually.

From the connector it's easy to see it's a PATA disk (as opposed to a SATA), which is supported by the fact that its from an old laptop.

You can either connect a PATA-to-USB converter, or use a 2.5inch PATA to 3.5inch PATA adapter and hook it up to your desktop.