Which Visual C++ file types should be committed to version control?

Yes:

• cpp: source code
• filters: project file
• h: source code
• ico: resource
• rc: resource script
• rc2: resource script
• sln: project file
• txt: project element
• vcxproj: project file

No:

• aps: last resource editor state
• exe: build result
• idb: build state
• ipch: build helper
• lastbuildstate: build helper
• lib: build result. Can be 3rd party
• log: build log
• manifest: build helper. Can be written yourself.
• obj: build helper
• pch: build helper
• pdb: build result
• res: build helper
• sdf: intellisense dbase
• suo: solution user options
• tlog: build log
• user: debug settings. Do preserve if just one dev or custom debug settings

Several of these are iffy because they can both be auto-generated and maintained yourself. And there are several more that don't appear in your list. Primarily pay attention to the location of the file. If it is in your solution or project directory then it's highly likely you want to check it in. In the Debug or Release subdirectories then highly unlikely. Build + Clean removes a lot of the noise files. And of course: check-in, rename the project directory, check-out and verify that it builds.

From your list I'd choose those:

cpp
filters
h
ico
manifest
rc
rc2
sln
txt
vcxproj

Generally, you should version all files necessary to build the project. Automatically generated files should not be archived imho.