Why did I lose the game?
So I've found a little part in the wiki beginners guide stating
CKII is a sandbox game and has no strict winstate. As long as at least one landed member of your dynasty survives (of at least the rank of count), the game will continue until 1453 and at the end you will get the same dynasty score screen (comparing your dynasty to some historical dynasties) you would get if you had resigned earlier. There are achievements that can give goals to strive for, but other than that players must choose for themselves where the emergent gameplay will take them.
Which I didn't spot earlier because it doesn't say so on the game over wiki page.
(I hadn't seen that when asking, but it seems to be the solution.)
A game of CK2 ends when
- no person of your dynasty could inherit and your House goes into an end.
- you reach the year 1453 (which is your case here).